[144] George Tiemann & Co., American Armamentarium Chirurgicum (New York, 1889), page 825.
[145] For one listing of the disadvantages of the common scarificator, see Blatin, “Scarificator nouveau,” Bulletin de l’Académie Royale de Medècine, volume 11 (1845-1846), pages 87-90. Blatin patented a new scarificator in 1844 that supposedly overcame the difficulties he listed.
[146] James Coxeter, “New Surgical Instruments,” The Lancet (November 15, 1845), page 538; James Coxeter & Son, A Catalogue of Surgical Instruments (London, 1870), page 48. Coxeter sold his scarificator for 2 pounds, 2 shillings, while he offered his “best scarificator, with old action” for two pounds.
[147] Great Britain Patent Office, Subject-Matter Index of Patents of Invention, 1617-1852, 2 volumes (London, 1957); U.S. Patent Office, Subject Matter Index of Patents for Invention (Brevets d’invention) Granted in France from 1791 to 1876 Inclusive (Washington, 1883).
[148] Charrière [firm], Cinq notices réunies presentées a MM. les membres des jurys des expositions françaises de 1834, 1839, 1844, et 1849, et de l’exposition universelle de Londres en 1851 (Paris, 1851), page 56.
[149] Maison Charrière, Robert et Collin, Successeurs, [Catalogue générale] (Paris, 1867), pages 42, 44, and plate 9.
[150] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 4705; Tiemann & Co., op. cit. [note [144]], page 115. Tiemann was awarded an earlier patent for a scarificator in 1834 (unnumbered U.S. patent, 26 August 1834), which seems to have employed a coiled spring similar to that found in the Charrière scarificator. The fifth U.S. patent for a scarificator was issued in 1846 to A. F. Ahrens of Philadelphia (U.S. patent 4717) for a circular scarificator in which all the blades were attached to a movable plate.
[151] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 5111.
[152] Patent specifications, U.S. patent 8095.
[153] Dyce Duckworth, “On the Employment of Dry-Cupping,” The Practitioner: A Monthly Journal of Therapeutics, volume 2 (1869), page 153.