7200 Horse-power Installation of Babcock & Wilcox Boilers and Superheaters at the Capital Traction Co., Washington, D. C.

The boiling point of water decreases as the altitude above sea level increases. [Table 12] gives the variation in the boiling point with the altitude.

Water has a greater specific heat or heat-absorbing capacity than any other known substance (bromine and hydrogen excepted) and its specific heat is the basis for measurement of the capacity of heat absorption of all other substances. From the definition, the specific heat of water is the number of British thermal units required to raise one pound of water one degree. This specific heat varies with the temperature of the water. The generally accepted values are given in [Table 13] , which indicates the values as determined by Messrs. Marks and Davis and Mr. Peabody.

[TABLE 13]
SPECIFIC HEAT OF WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES
MARKS AND DAVIS
From Values of Barnes and Dieterici
PEABODY
From Values of Barnes and Regnault
Temperature Specific
Heat
Temperature Specific
Heat
Temperature Specific
Heat
Temperature Specific
Heat
Degrees
Fahrenheit
Degrees
Fahrenheit
Degrees
Centigrade
Degrees
Fahrenheit
Degrees
Centigrade
Degrees
Fahrenheit
30 1.0098130 0.9979 032 1.0094 50122 0.9980
40 1.0045140 0.9986 541 1.0053 55131 0.9985
50 1.0012150 0.9994 1050 1.0023 60140 0.9994
55 1.0000160 1.0002 1559 1.0003 65149 1.0004
60 0.9990170 1.0010 16.1161 1.0000 70158 1.0015
70 0.9977180 1.0019 2068 0.9990 75167 1.0028
80 0.9970190 1.0029 2577 0.9981 80176 1.0042
90 0.9967200 1.0039 3086 0.9976 85185 1.0056
100 0.9967210 1.0052 3595 0.9974 90194 1.0071
110 0.9970220 1.007 40104 0.9974 95203 1.0086
120 0.9974230 1.009 45113 0.9976 100212 1.0101

In consequence of this variation in specific heat, the variation in the heat of the liquid of the water at different temperatures is not a constant. [Table 22] [13] gives the heat of the liquid in a pound of water at temperatures ranging from 32 to 340 degrees Fahrenheit.

The specific heat of ice at 32 degrees is 0.463. The specific heat of saturated steam (ice and saturated steam representing the other forms in which water may exist), is something that is difficult to define in any way which will not be misleading. When no liquid is present the specific heat of saturated steam is negative. [14] The use of the value of the specific heat of steam is practically limited to instances where superheat is present, and the specific heat of superheated steam is covered later in the book.

FOOTNOTES

[ [12] ] Marks and Davis

[ [13] ] See page [120] .