History of the Union Jack and Flags of the Empire

by Barlow Cumberland

The day commenced at Longitude 180°. The second column gives the equivalent time at Windsor Castle throughout the twenty-four hours.

PLACE.	Local Time.	Time atWindsor Castle.
	p.m.20th.	a.m.20th.
FIJI ISLANDS:
Levuka (Long. 178° 56' E.)	4.00	4.05
Suva	4.00	4.08
NEW ZEALAND:
Napier	4.00	4.20
Auckland	4.00	4.21
AUSTRALIA:
Brisbane	3.50	5.50
Sydney	3.55	5.55
Hobart	4.11	6.11
Melbourne	4.20	6.20
Adelaide	3.46	6.46
Perth	4.16	8.16
Empress of India	Longitude120° 26' E.	7.58
	p.m.	p.m.
SOUTH AFRICA:
Durban (Port Natal)	4.00	1.56
Addington	4.00	1.57
East London	4.00	2.08
King William's Town	4.00	2.11
Graham's Town	4.00	2.14
Port Elizabeth	4.00	2.18
Cape Town	4.00	2.46
ATLANTIC OCEAN:
Ships at Sea—	Longitude
Teutonic	9° 27' W.	4.37
State of Nebraska	11° 18' W.	4.45
Tantallon Castle	14° 33' W.	4.58
Greek	17° 38' W.	5.11
Greek	20° W.	5.20
Numidian	20° 43' W.	5.23
Pavonia	21° 30' W.	5.26
Catalonia	22° 6' W.	5.28
Mohawk	22° 40' W.	5.31
Magdalena	27° 22' W.	5.49
St. Paul (U.S.M.)	33° 12' W.	6.13
Konigen Luise	49° 13' W.	7.12
Berlin (U.S.M.)	65° 32' W.	8.22
	p.m.
NEWFOUNDLAND:
St. John's	4.00	7.31
CANADA:
Cape Breton—
Sydney	4.01	8.01
Prince Edward Island—
Charlotte town	4.12	8.12
Nova Scotia—
New Glasgow	4.10	8.10
Truro	4.13	8.13
Halifax	4.14	8.14
Springhill	4.17	8.17
Stellarton	4.17	8.17
Windsor	4.17	8.17
Digby	4.23	8.23
Yarmouth	4.24	8.24
New Brunswick—
Moncton	3.20	8.20
St. John	3.24	8.24
Fredericton	3.27	8.27
Woodstock	3.30	8.30
Quebec—
Sherbrooke	3.48	8.48
Lennoxville	3.48	8.48
Richmond	3.49	8.49
Quebec	3.50	8.56
St. Lambert's	3.54	8.54
St. Lambert's	3.54	8.54
Ontario—
Cornwall	3.59	8.59
Ottawa	4.03	9.03
Brockville	4.03	9.03
Carleton Place	4.04	9.04
Smith's Falls	4.04	9.04
Almonte	4.05	9.05
Arnprior	4.05	9.05
Kingston	4.07	9.07
Pembroke	4.08	9.08
Deseronto	4.09	9.09
Belleville	4.09	9.09
Belleville	4.10	9.10
Campbellford	4.11	9.11
Peterborough	4.11	9.11
Port Hope	4.13	9.13
Bowmanville	4.14	9.14
Burke's Falls	4.15	9.15
Lindsay	4.15	9.15
Oshawa	4.15	9.15
Cannington	4.16	9.16
Whitby	4.16	9.16
Huntsville	4.17	9.17
Bracebridge	4.17	9.17
Orillia	4.18	9.18
Aurora	4.18	9.18
Toronto	4.18	9.18
St. Catharines	4.18	9.18
Welland	4.18	9.18
Niagara Falls	4.18	9.18
Barrie and Allandale	4.19	9.19
Grimsby	4.19	9.19
Hamilton	4.20	9.20
Orangeville	4.20	9.20
Collingwood	4.21	9.21
Guelph	4.21	9.21
Galt	4.21	9.21
Brantford	4.21	9.21
Simcoe	4.21	9.21
Paris	4.23	9.23
Woodstock	4.23	9.23
Sudbury	4.24	9.24
Stratford	4.24	9.24
Ingersoll	4.24	9.24
Owen Sound	4.24	9.24
St. Thomas	4.25	9.25
London	4.26	9.26
Goderich	4.27	9.27
Petrolea	4.28	9.28
Chatham	4.29	9.29
Sarnia	4.30	9.30
Windsor	4.32	9.32
Port Arthur	3.57	9.57
Fort William	3.57	9.57
Fort William	4.18	10.18
Manitoba and Northwest Territories—
Winnipeg	4.28	10.28
Carman	4.28	10.28
Brandon	3.40	10.40
Russell	3.45	10.45
Regina	3.58	10.58
Medicine Hat	4.22	11.32
Calgary	4.36	11.36
British Columbia—
Donald	3.40	11.49
Revelstoke	3.53	11.53
Chilliwack	3.58	11.58
British Columbia—
		a.m.21st.
Vancouver	4.12	12.12
Victoria	4.13	12.13
PACIFIC OCEAN:
Ships at Sea—	Longitude
Aorangi	147° 49´ W.	1.51
Empress of China	152° 39´ W.	2.11
WAILANGILALA ISLAND	179° 6´ W.	3.56

---

[INDEX.]

• A
• Achaius adopts St. Andrew Cross, 65.
• Acre, Richard I. at siege of, [45].
• Admirals, titles under Commonwealth, [95];
• three ranks, [274];
• nine ranks, [275];
• reduced to three, [276].
• Admiral of Narrow Seas, [60], [104].
• Admiral of fleet, rank and flag, [264].
• Admirals' flags under Henry VIII., [273];
• Commonwealth, [93];
• Charles II., [274];
• subsequent centuries, [274];
• present day, [50], [70], [91], [108];
• on ironclads, [276].
• Admiralty badge on epaulettes, [48].
• Admiralty Regulations, penalty for infraction, [52];
• proportions in Union Jack, [208].
• Alfred the Great collects first navy, [54];
• sea maxim, [54].
• Allan Line House flag, [27].
• Ambassador's flag, Russian, [43];
• British, [265].
• Armada defeated under Cross of St. George, [51], [61], [102].
• Arms, Savoy, [23];
• Earl of Elgin, [65];
• Washington, [177];
• Fitzgeralds, [151];
• Ancient of Ireland, [145];
• Henry V. to Elizabeth, [71];
• James I., [72];
• Anne, [123];
• George II., [190];
• George III., first, [196];
• altered, [202];
• Victoria, [148].
• Assyrian emblems, [15].
• Athelstane, first merchant navy, [55].
• Australian emblems, [283];
• ensign, [288].
• Austria, eagle, [16], [144];
• white cross, [44].
• Aztecs, eagle emblem, [17].
• B
• Banner, feudal period, [38];
• Percy, [39];
• English Sovereigns, [71];
• Commonwealth, [93];
• Joan of Arc, [25];
• St. Martin, [25];
• St. Denis, [25];
• St. George, [41];
• St. Andrew, [64], [70];
• Robert Bruce, [65];
• St. Patrick, [141];
• personal of Sovereign, [92], [99].
• Barbarossa, Emperor, standard, [22].
• Barton, Sir Andrew, [69].
• Bavaria, national colours, [24].
• Beyrut, grotto of St. George, [42].
• Blake carries whip-lash, [108].
• Blazon, heraldic, a description, [204];
• Union Jack, George III., [203];
• controversies, [204], [206], [232];
• design preceded, [205];
• Jack made as ordered, [234].
• Blue ensign, who entitled to use, [277];
• on colonial ships, [277].
• Border to St. George, narrow under James I., [77];
• enlarged, [127];
• represents white ground, [127];
• justified, [210].
• Broad white St. George, in [170]7, [127];
• in [180]1, [205];
• same size St. Andrew, [210], [226].
• Broad white St. Andrew, [209], [217].
• Bourbon standard, [25], [126].
• Brian Boru, legend, [146];
• harp, [148].
• British Constitution, expansion told by Jack, [186];
• in Canada, [189], [196];
• government under, [253];
• other colonies, [262].
• Broom carried by Tromp, [108].
• Bruce, Robert, banner, [65].
• Bunker Hill, flag raised at, [174].
• C
• Cabot, [51], [58], [153].
• Cambridge, grand union, [97].
• Canada comes under British flag, [25], [132];
• reconciliation, [133];
• invaded, [135];
• evolution of inhabitants, [189];
• wars, [136], [235], [240], [293].
• Canadian Ensign, created, [283];
• full meaning, [287].
• Cantons, quarters of flag, [12].
• Cape of Good Hope, Dutch, [103];
• British, [131].
• Cappadocia, birthplace St. George, [41].
• Champlain, [25], [154].
• Chapleau, Sir Adolphe, [137].
• Chateauguay, battle of, [214], [237].
• Charles I., proclamation, [82].
• Charles II., proclamation, [89];
• flags changed, [95];
• fresco, [97].
• Cockade, origin tricolour, [26].
• College of Arms, draft Queen Anne, [120];
• draft George III., [200].
• Colonial contingents, Havana, [168];
• South Africa, [242].
• Colonial flags, Union Jack, [121];
• first authorized, [280];
• white escutcheon on, [281];
• blue ensign, [283];
• broader significance, [289].
• Colours, British regiments, [40];
• French, [25];
• New England companies, [160].
• Commonwealth Ensign, [93], [101];
• salute claimed, [107];
• in America, [161].
• Constantine the Great, [42], [144].
• Constantius Chlorus, harp on labarum, [143].
• Constitution of United States, adopted, [247];
• government under, [254].
• Consuls' flags, [265].
• Cornette blanche, Joan of Arc, [25].
• Counterchanged Scottish and Irish crosses, [217];
• controversy, [203].
• Cromwell's Jack, [88];
• in America, [161].
• Cross, red, St. George, [34], [41], [44];
• red, France, [34];
• white, France, [223];
• white, Austria, [44];
• white, Greece, [24], [44];
• white, St. John, [23], [45];
• yellow Italy, [34];
• black, Germany, [34];
• yellow, Sweden, [44];
• green, Flanders, [34];
• blue, Norway, [44];
• white saltire, St. Andrew, [64];
• blue saltire, Russia, [70];
• red saltire, St. Patrick, [141].
• Crosses, objections to use in flag, [158], [164];
• requirements for entry in Union Jack, [186];
• proportions in, [127], [205], [232];
• wrongly made, [218];
• how correctly made, [219].
• Crusaders' crosses, [84];
• of nations engaged, [44].
• D
• Declaration of Independence, United States, [177], [246].
• De Salaberry, [237].
• Designers' Union Jack of [170]7, [119];
• of [180]0, [200].
• Diamond Jubilee Anthem, accompanying the sun, [300];
• places sung at, [311].
• Dominion Ensigns, additional, [284];
• Canadian, [286];
• Australian, [288];
• New Zealand, [288];
• added meanings, [289].
• Douglas, Fredk., contrasts liberty, [251].
• Dragon, legend St. George, [42], [48], [49].
• Drumbeat following the hours, [290];
• ideal changed to fact, [309].
• Dufferin, Lord, [19], [261].
• Dutch, sea rivalry, [58], [105], [111].
• Dutch flag, [58];
• in America, [155].
• E
• Eagle emblems, [15], [43].
• East India Company flag, [174].
• Edgar, Lord of Ocean, [55].
• Edward I. adopts St. George emblem, [45];
• sea titles, [50], [57].
• Edward II., Lord of the Seas, [57].
• Edward III., sea maxim, [57];
• fleur-de-lis in arms, [202].
• Egyptian standards, [14].
• Elizabeth, shipping extended, [61];
• Alfred maxim maintained, [102];
• harp and crown, [145].
• Emancipation slaves in England, [244];
• British colonies, [245];
• United States, [247];
• Canada, [250].
• Emblems, instinct for, [19];
• evidences of patriotism, [19];
• Israelites, [14];
• Christians, [16], [144];
• Assyrians, [15];
• Romans, [15];
• Peruvians, [17];
• Indians, [18], [21];
• English, [159];
• Scottish, [66];
• Irish, [142], [145], [149];
• colonies, [283];
• Australian, [288];
• Canada, [295].
• Empire Day, Union Jack raised, [271].
• Endicott, John, defaces flag, [158].
• England, dominant partner, [41];
• meteor flag, [52].
• English Cross, white changed, [34].
• English Jack, heraldic description, [41];
• groundwork Union Jack, [42];
• Glory Roll, [51];
• established claims in America, [59];
• Armada defeated, [61];
• rivalries with Scotch, [75];
• joined in additional Jack, [77];
• taken from navy, [81];
• restored by Commonwealth, [88];
• succeeded by His Majesty's Jack, [89];
• Admiral's flag, [91];
• succeeds James I. Jack in America, [161];
• inserted in Commonwealth Ensign, [86];
• red ensign, [90], [100], [109];
• prowess recognized, [109];
• term in ensign closed, [126];
• white ground restored, [127].
• Ensigns, Percy, [39];
• first English national, [90], [92];
• ensign, red, [96];
• first British union, land and sea, [119], [126];
• union of [13] colonies, [174];
• United States, [180];
• colonial, [280];
• Imperial union, [289];
• Red, [92], [96], [98], [101], [116], [126];
• White, [265], [276];
• Blue, [95], [277].
• Ensign staff, reason for name, [37].
• Errors in painting flags, [96], [97].
• Escutcheon in Commonwealth flags, [88];
• Union Jack, [225];
• colonial flags, [282];
• transferred to fly, [283].
• F
• Facings, British uniforms, [40].
• Field, portion of flag, [12].
• Fimbriation, heraldic description, [77];
• in Union Jack controversies, [206];
• rules satisfied, [232].
• Flags (symbolical), study of educational value, [14];
• tell history, [14], [21], [31], [32], [217];
• valued when meanings known, [20];
• voices in, [22];
• not haphazard, [32];
• followed for conscience' sake, [137], [193];
• sought by Puritans, [156];
• religious objections to cross, [158];
• meanings of colours in Union Jack, [216];
• ideals expressed, [215];
• speak in colours, [221];
• freedom to slave, [243];
• liberty to people, [253];
• raised as sign of taking possession, [51], [59], [129], [153], [264].
• Flags (actual), technical divisions, [12];
• measurements, Jacks, [208];
• ensigns, [277];
• meanings of movements on flag staff, [12];
• how use arose on land, [53];
• importance at sea, [53];
• penalty for infraction, [52];
• effect of omission on shore, [160];
• ships confiscated if not shown, [163];
• wars caused by, [104], [108], [113].
• Flag salute, John, [56];
• Edward I., [57];
• Mary, [60];
• James I., [104];
• Charles I., [105];
• Commonwealth, [107];
• George III., [110];
• accorded by Dutch, [109], [112], [114].
• Flag-ships, why so called, [91].
• Fleur-de-lis, emblem of ancient France, [25];
• Canada colonized under, [25];
• Frontenac defends, [166];
• succeeded by Union Jack, [28], [133];
• introduced by Edward III., [202];
• on arms Henry V., [71];
• George II., [190];
• removed, [202];
• why in royal arms, [190], [224];
• on seal, [196];
• on arms Quebec, [260].
• Fly, portion of flag, [12].
• Forecastle, derivation of name, [59].
• Fort Detroit taken by British, [237].
• France, fleur-de-lis in America, [25], [153], [166];
• tri-colour, [24];
• in Canada, [27];
• white cross, [223].
• Franklin, Benjamin, drumbeat, [290].
• French Canadians never raised tri-colour, [25];
• national flag, [29];
• descendants of Normans, [89];
• evolution of government, [190];
• accept changed rule, [192];
• defend Union Jack, [135], [214], [237];
• British in patriotism, [137].
• French language in English Parliament, [190];
• in Canadian, [191].
• Frontenac, [25], [166].
• G
• Generals at Sea, title of Admirals, [94].
• George III., three Parliaments united, [199];
• three-crossed Union Jack, [199].
• Germany, standard of, [22].
• Glory Roll, English Jack, [51];
• Jack James I., [79];
• second Union Jack, [129];
• third Union Jack, [211].
• Governors' flags, [163], [259], [260], [282].
• Governors of colonies, position, [252].
• Grand union ensign, [13] colonies, [173];
• carried after Independence, [177].
• Great seal, Elizabeth, [145];
• Upper Canada, [195].
• Great union, Cromwell, [93].
• Greek national ensign, [24];
• church reverences St. George, [42].
• Greek Cross, [43];
• carried by eight nations, [44].
• Guiana exchanged for New York, [114];
• retaken, [114].
• H
• Harold loses control of seas, [55].
• Harp in royal arms, [72], [146];
• on shillings, [85];
• in flags, [88], [93];
• taken out of flags, [96];
• usage by sovereigns, [145];
• change under Victoria, [148].
• Havana, colonials at capture, [168].
• Hawaii, national ensign, [29].
• Henri Grace à Dieu, parent ship of navy, [60].
• Heralds devised Jack of James, [77];
• committee Queen Anne, [119];
• George III., [200];
• objections to Union Jack, [204], [207], [231];
• requirements met, [233].
• Heraldry, rules for fimbriations, [77];
• for crosses, [232].
• Hibernian Harp in labarum, [143];
• changed to cross, [144];
• in royal arms, [146];
• changed to Irish harp, [149].
• Hoist, part of flag, [12].
• I
• Ireland not sea-going nation, [140];
• becomes kingdom, [151], [184].
• Irish harp, Brian Boru, [147].
• Irish Jack, heraldic description, [141];
• not joined with St. George, [151], [184];
• when joined, [186], [199];
• white ground recognized, [206].
• Israelites, standard, [14].
• Italy, national ensign, [23].
• J
• Jacks, erroneous explanation name, [33];
• origin of name, [37], [40];
• why two used under James I., [75];
• regulations James I., [76];
• Charles I., [82];
• Commonwealth, [88];
• Charles II., [89];
• Anne, [118];
• present day, [264].
• Jack at bow, [37], [59], [85], [88], [89], [115].
• Jack of James I., created by rivalries, [70], [75];
• an "additional" Jack, [74], [80];
• proclamation, [75];
• Scots object, [78];
• used on all ships, [77];
• restricted to King's ships, [82];
• abolished, [86];
• restored, [89];
• not a national Jack, [76], [183];
• not a Union Jack, [76], [80], [183];
• never placed in ensign, [100], [126];
• Glory Roll, [79];
• carried on Mayflower, [158];
• abolished in New England, [161].
• Jack staff, reason for name, [37].
• Jacques, surcoats, [33];
• by whom worn, [34], [36].
• James I. changes royal standard, [72];
• creates Jack, [74];
• urges union, [73];
• consents to repatriation of Puritans, [156].
• Joan of Arc, banner, [25].
• K
• King of Seas, Edward III., [58].
• King's colours, [38], [160].
• Knights, jacques worn, [34].
• L
• Labarum, Roman emperors, [142].
• Lake George, name changed, [170].
• Le Moine, Sir James, [28].
• Lion of Scotland in royal arms, [72].
• Lord High Admiral, flag of, [99].
• Lord of Oceans, title, [57];
• of Seas, [58].
• Louisbourg medal, Jack on, [165].
• M
• Mackinac, fort taken, [237].
• Maltese Cross, [45].
• Mansfield, decision slavery, [244].
• Maple leaf in governors' flags, [260];
• emblem of Canada, [295].
• Massachusetts ensign, [166];
• Jack authorized, [226], [280].
• Mayflower, flags carried by Pilgrims, [157].
• Medals, [98], [168], [299].
• Merchant navy, first developed, [55];
• distant voyages, [58], [103];
• uses King's Jack, [89];
• wins trade, [114];
• accorded red ensign, [116], [123], [278].
• Monson, Sir William, [78], [104], [105].
• N
• Nantucket, Gosnold at, [153].
• Napoleon I., flag, [22], [26].
• Naseby, [88], [98], [115].
• National flags, origins, [21];
• signal changes, [31];
• Germany, [22];
• Italy, [23];
• Greece, [24];
• France, [24], [29];
• Hawaii, [29];
• Russia, [70];
• Thirteen Colonies, [174];
• United States, [97], [180];
• evolution British, [100], [182], [188], [269], [280];
• colonies, [280];
• Dominions, [289].
• Navigation Act, Commonwealth, [107].
• Navy, English, first collected, [54];
• constructed, [59];
• weakened, [105];
• defeated, [106];
• wins command, [115];
• Scottish, always small, [66];
• defies English, [68].
• Nelson, [131];
• signal, [212];
• white ensign, [276].
• New England, controversies respecting cross, [162];
• ensign, [166];
• at Quebec, [166];
• Lake George, [170];
• Bunker Hill, [174].
• New South Wales, emblem, [283].
• New York taken, [112];
• exchanged, [113];
• retaken, [113].
• Nineveh, emblems found, [15].
• Normans, ancestors Canadians, [189].
• O
• Orders of Knighthood, [43], [50], [70], [77], [149].
• Oriflamme, St. Denis, [25].
• P
• Parliaments, not united, [76];
• separate flags, [77], [183];
• Irish, [184];
• Union Jack tells union of Scottish, [118];
• of Irish, [186];
• precedence of Union acknowledged, [218];
• Colonial, [194], [261].
• Patron Saints, England, [41];
• Scotland, [64];
• Ireland, [141].
• Pennants, command flags, [51];
• Henry VIII., [59];
• Royal navy, [108];
• Colonial navy, [284].
• Paardeberg, Canadian at, [296].
• Pennsylvania ensign, [176].
• Percy Ensign, [39].
• Peruvians' emblem, [17].
• Philip II. salutes Union Jack, [60].
• Pilgrim Fathers migrate to Holland, [155];
• land in America, [157];
• loyal subjects King James, [157];
• flags carried, [158].
• Pilot Jack, flag, [267].
• Pine tree flag, [162], [166].
• Poland, white eagle, [15].
• President United States, position, [255].
• Prussian, black eagle, [16].
• Puritans, flag carried by, [158];
• object to crosses, [160], [162].
• Q
• Quarters, flags, [12];
• Union Jack, [217].
• Quebec, defended under fleur-de-lis, [25], [166];
• Wolfe and Montcalm, [133];
• under Union Jack, [29], [136], [192].
• Quebec Act, effect of, [135], [192].
• Queen Anne creates Union Jack, [118];
• authority of Parliament, [119];
• designers, [120];
• authorized by Privy Council, [121];
• Draft C, [121];
• promulgated in colonies, [121];
• restricted to navy, [124];
• border St. George enlarged, [127];
• establishes Red Ensign, [122];
• to be used on land and sea, [126], [268].
• Queen Victoria uses Irish harp, [146];
• Diamond Jubilee, [290].
• Queenston Heights, [237].
• R
• Raleigh, sea maxim, [103], [116].
• Red Ensign, see Ensign.
• Red fighting flag of navy, [113].
• Regulations for making Union Jack, [208].
• Responsible government contrasted, [254], [257], [261].
• Revenge, glorious contest, [61].
• Richard I. adopts St. George, [44];
• star and crescent badge, [48].
• Rivalries create Jack of James, [70], [74], [80].
• Roman eagle, [15];
• labarum, [143].
• Royal arms standard, [72];
• removed from ships, [96];
• fleur-de-lis, [71], [282];
• harp inserted, [72];
• origin Irish blue, [146], see Arms.
• Royal Standard, flag of sovereign, [71], [92], [202];
• present regulations, [99].
• Royal Standard at main, [98], [99].
• Royal Standard at stern, [37], [92], [99];
• replaced by ensigns, [98];
• meanings of change, [101].
• Royal yacht squadron flag, [52].
• Russian eagle, [16];
• flags, [43], [70].
• S
• Saints, reverenced, not canonized, [42].
• Shackleton, Union Jack, [213].
• St. Andrew, banner and legend, [64];
• why adopted by Scotland, [65];
• Russia, [70].
• St. Andrew Cross, white of Scotland, [38];
• blue of Russia, [70];
• united in James Jack, [77];
• objections to position, [78];
• in great union, [93];
• in Union Jack, [119];
• same size St. George, [205], [224];
• same size St. Patrick, [206];
• counterchanged with, [217];
• why higher position, [218];
• same size border St. George, [210], [225];
• examples narrow form, [225].
• St. Denis, red banner, [25].
• St. George banner and legend, [41];
• adopted by England, [44];
• Christian attributes, [47];
• knightly attributes, [48].
• St. George Cross in crusades, [34];
• in Greek ensign, [24];
• in nobles' standards, [39];
• in white ensign, [51];
• in Great Union, [93];
• receives homage of Dutch, [109];
• united in James Jack, [77];
• in Union Jack, [119];
• surmounts other crosses, [216];
• why surmounts, [216];
• carried on Mayflower, [159];
• controversies in New England, [158];
• left out of colonist colours, [160], [162];
• restored, [166];
• taken at Quebec, [166].
• St. George Jack, see English Jack.
• St. George and dragon, early instances, [46], [49].
• St. George's Day, origin, [41];
• in England, [45].
• St. John, Knights of, [23], [45].
• St. Martin, blue banner, [25].
• St. Patrick, banner and legends, [141];
• adopted by Irish, [144];
• emblems of, [142], [145], [149].
• St. Patrick Cross, red of Ireland, [141];
• origin, [141];
• first used as banner, [151];
• not sign of fealty, [151];
• when placed in Union Jack, [199];
• same size as St. Andrew, [206];
• why counterchanged, [218].
• Saltire Cross, shape, [64];
• origin, [142];
• errors in Union Jack, [218].
• Sardinia royal arms, [23].
• Scottish Jack, heraldic description, [64];
• flag of Bruce, [65];
• forays, [66];
• national flag, [75];
• united in James Jack, [76];
• in Union Jacks, [119], [185].
• Sea maxims, Alfred, [54];
• Edward III., [57];
• Raleigh, [103].
• Sewall, Samuel, troubles over cross, [164].
• Shamrock Emblem, [149].
• Slavery under various flags, [243].
• Sluys, naval victory, [50], [57].
• South Africa deeds, [213];
• contingents, [262].
• Sovereign of Britain, position of, [257].
• Spanish flag, [133], [153], [169].
• Stars, Washington, [178];
• Orion, [179];
• in United States Ensign, [180].
• Stars and Stripes, United States, [31];
• form in successive periods, [77];
• stripes, [174];
• origin, [177];
• heritage, [180].
• Stern, place of honour, [94], [99];
• marks constitutional change, [101].
• Supremacy of Seas, [53], [63], [111], [116].
• Surcoats, [33], [34], [36].
• Switzerland, white cross, [44].
• T
• Thane, reward of merchants, [55].
• Thirteen American Colonies, flags
• raised, [153];
• troubles, [171];
• fight under Union Jack, [169];
• Union Flag, [170];
• Grand Union, [174];
• heritage in U. S. ensign, [180], [253].
• Trafalgar, white ensign, [212], [278].
• Tri-colour, origin, [24];
• English introduce to Canada, [27];
• why displayed, [28];
• carries no allegiance, [29].
• Tromp, Admiral, [108].
• U
• Union Jack, First, [74];
• Glory Roll, [79];
• Second, [118];
• Glory Roll, [129];
• Present day, [199];
• Glory Roll, [211].
• Union Jack (form), tells history of nations, [32];
• origin of name, [33];
• combinations, [40], [74], [126], [205];
• designers, [119], [200];
• designs precede blazon, [205];
• regulations for making, [208];
• fimbriations, [77], [206];
• errors, [218];
• how to make correctly, [220];
• proportions, [220];
• reasons for proportions, [231];
• heraldic requirements met, [232].
• Union Jack (significance), displaces national Jacks, [118];
• requirements entry of cross, [76], [151], [186];
• more than union of thrones, [185];
• emblem of Parliamentary union, [76], [188], [194];
• lessons taught, [215];
• democratic expansion, [253];
• freedom, [243];
• liberty, [253];
• equal rights, [262];
• on schools, [270];
• in Dominion ensigns, [287].
• Union Jack (progress design), two crosses, James I. heralds, [75];
• two crosses, Anne, committee, [119];
• Draft C approved, [120];
• white border enlarged, [127], [205];
• three crosses, George III., committee, [199];
• draft approved, [200];
• white border maintained, [205];
• crosses counterchanged, [217];
• blazon, [203], [205];
• regulations issued, [208];
• change declined, [211];
• made as ordered, [234].
• Union Jack (variations use), James, [160]6, on all ships, [74];
• Charles I., restricted to navy, [82];
• abolished by Commonwealth, [87];
• Charles II. restored restricted to navy, [89];
• William III. restricts, [90];
• Anne, 1707, on land, all subjects, [119], [268];
• at sea, navy, [124];
• George III., 1801, all subjects, [268];
• Edward VII., all subjects, land or sea, [268];
• successive names, [264].
• Union Jack (in other flags), King's colours, [40];
• Hawaii, [29];
• Thirteen Colonies Ensign, [174];
• raised by Washington, [175];
• Pennsylvania Ensign, [176];
• Red, White and Blue Ensigns, [272];
• Dominion Ensigns, [286].
• United Empire Loyalists, [137], [193].
• United States Ensign, [77], [177].
• V
• Venezuela, [114].
• Victoria Colony Emblem, [283].
• Virginia defends English Jack, [170].
• W
• War of [181]2, [214], [235].
• Washington, ancestry, [178];
• stars, [179];
• Ensign, [180].
• Webster, Daniel, [290].
• Western Australia Emblem, [283].
• White Ensign, see Ensign.
• Whip-lash flag, [108].
• Y
• Yard-arm, origin of name, [59].

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FOOTNOTES:

[1] Lord Dufferin, Toronto Club, 1874.

[2] Bulwer Lytton.