Primitive History.
| B. C. | |
| 113. | The Cimbrians and Teutons invade Italy. |
| 102. | Marius defeats the Teutons. |
| 101. | Marius defeats the Cimbrians. |
| 58. | Julius Cæsar defeats Ariovistus. |
| 55—53. | Cæsar twice crosses the Rhine. |
| 12—9. | Campaigns of Drusus in Northern Germany. |
| A. D. | |
| 9. | Defeat of Varus by Hermann. |
| 14—16. | Campaigns of Germanicus. |
| 21. | Death of Hermann. |
| 69. | Revolt of Claudius Civilis. |
| 98. | Tacitus writes his "Germania." |
| 166—181. | War of the Marcomanni against Marcus Aurelius. |
| 200—250. | Union of the German tribes under new names. |
| 276. | Probus invades Germany. |
| 358. | Julian defeats the Alemanni. |
| 358—378. | Bishop Ulfila converts the Goths to Christianity. |
The Migrations of the Races.
| 375. | The coming of the Huns. |
| 378. | The Emperor Valens defeated by the Visigoths. |
| 395. | Theodosius divides the Roman Empire. |
| 396. | Alaric's invasion of Greece. |
| 403. | Alaric meets Stilicho in Italy. |
| 406. | Stilicho defeats the German hordes at Fiesole. |
| 410. | Alaric takes Rome. |
| 411. | Alaric dies in Southern Italy. |
| 412. | Ataulf leads the Visigoths to Gaul. |
| 429. | The Vandals, under Geiserich, invade Africa. |
| 449. | The Saxons and Angles settle in England. |
| 450. | March of Attila to Gaul; battle of Châlons. |
| 452. | Attila in Italy. |
| 455. | Rome devastated by Geiserich and the Vandals. |
| 476. | The Roman Empire overthrown by Odoaker. |
| 481—511. | Chlodwig, King of the Franks. |
| 486. | End of the Roman rule in Gaul. |
| 493. | Theodoric and his Ostrogoths conquer Italy. |
| 500. | Chlodwig defeats the Burgundians. |
| 526. | Death of Theodoric the Great. |
| 527—565. | Reign of Justinian. |
| 527. | The Franks conquer Thuringia. |
| 532. | The Franks conquer Burgundy. |
| 534. | Belisarius overthrows the Vandal power in Africa. |
| 552. | Extermination of the Ostrogoths by Narses. |
Kingdom of the Franks.
| 558—561. | Reign of Clotar, King of the Franks. |
| 568. | Alboin leads the Longobards to Italy. |
| 590—604. | Spread of Christianity under Pope Gregory the Great. |
| 590—597. | Wars of Fredegunde and Brunhilde. |
| 613. | Murder of Brunhilde. |
| 613—622. | Clotar II., King of the Franks. |
| 650. | Pippin of Landen, steward to the royal household. |
| 687. | Pippin of Heristall. |
| 711. | The Saracens conquer Spain from the Visigoths. |
| 732. | Karl Martel defeats the Saracens at Tours. |
| 741. | Death of Karl Martel; Pippin the Short. |
| 745. | Winfried (Bonifacius), Archbishop of Mayence. |
| 752. | Pippin the Short becomes King of the Franks. |
| 754. | Pippin founds the temporal power of the Popes. |
| 755. | Bonifacius slain in Friesland. |
| 768. | Death of Pippin; his sons, Karl and Karloman. |
SECOND PERIOD. (768—1254.)
The Carolingian Dynasty.
| 771. | Karl (Charlemagne) sole ruler. |
| 772—803. | His wars with the Saxons. |
| 774—775. | March to Italy; overthrow of the Lombard kingdom. |
| 777—778. | Charlemagne's invasion of Spain. |
| 788. | Tassilo, Duke of Bavaria, deposed. |
| 789. | War with the Wends, east of the Elbe. |
| 791. | War with the Avars, in Hungary. |
| 800. | Charlemagne crowned Emperor in Rome. |
| 814. | Death of Charlemagne. |
| 814—840. | Ludwig the Pious. |
| 843. | Partition of Verdun. |
| 843—876. | Ludwig the German. |
| 879. | The kingdom of Arelat (Lower Burgundy) founded. |
| 884—887. | Karl the Fat unites France and Germany. |
| 887—899. | Arnulf of Carinthia. |
| 891. | Arnulf defeats the Norsemen in Belgium. |
| 900—911. | Ludwig the Child. |
| 911—918. | Konrad I., the Frank, King of Germany. |
| 911—918. | Wars with the Hungarians. |