The Saxon Emperors.
| 919—936. | King Henry I., of Saxony (the Fowler). |
| 928. | Victory over the Wends. |
| 933. | Great victory over the Hungarians, near Merseburg. |
| 933. | Upper and Lower Burgundy united as one kingdom. |
| 936—973. | Otto I., the Great. |
| 939. | Otto subjects the German Dukes. |
| 952. | Rebellion against his rule. |
| 955. | The Hungarians defeated on the Lech. |
| 962. | Otto renews the empire of Charlemagne. |
| 973—983. | Otto II. |
| 982. | His defeat by the Saracens. |
| 983—1002. | Otto III.; decline of the imperial power. |
| 1002—1024. | Henry II.; increasing power of the bishops. |
| 1016. | The Normans settle in Southern Italy. |
The Frank Emperors.
| 1024—1039. | Konrad II., Emperor. |
| 1026. | His visit to Rome; friendship with Canute the Great. |
| 1033. | Burgundy attached to the German Empire. |
| 1039—1056. | Henry III.; Poland, Bohemia, and Hungary, subject to the empire. |
| 1046. | Synod of Sutri; Henry III. removes three Popes. |
| 1046. | The "Congregation of Cluny;" the "Peace of God." |
| 1054. | Pope Leo IX. captured by the Normans. |
| 1056—1106. | Henry IV. |
| 1062. | Henry IV.'s abduction by Bishop Hanno. |
| 1073. | Revolt of the Saxons. |
| 1073. | Hildebrand becomes Pope as Gregory VII. |
| 1076. | Henry IV. deposes the Pope, and is excommunicated. |
| 1077. | Henry IV.'s humiliation at Canossa. |
| 1081. | Death of the Anti-King, Rudolf of Suabia. |
| 1084. | Henry IV. in Rome; ravages of the Normans. |
| 1085. | Death of Pope Gregory VII. |
| 1092. | Revolt of Konrad, son of Henry IV. |
| 1095. | The first Crusade. |
| 1099. | Jerusalem taken by Godfrey of Bouillon. |
| 1105. | Rebellion of Henry, son of Henry IV. |
| 1106—1125. | Henry V. |
| 1111. | He imprisons Pope Paschalis II. |
| 1113. | Defeat of the Saxons. |
| 1115. | He is defeated by the Saxons. |
| 1118. | Orders of knighthood founded. |
| 1122. | The Concordat of Worms. |
| 1125. | Rise of the Hohenstaufens. |
| 1125—1137. | Lothar of Saxony, Emperor. |
| 1134. | The North-mark given to Albert the Bear. |
| 1138. | Henry the Proud, Duke of Bavaria and Saxony. |
The Hohenstaufen Emperors.
| 1138—1152. | King Konrad III.; Guelphs and Ghibellines. |
| 1142. | Henry the Lion, Duke of Saxony. |
| 1142. | Albert the Bear, Margrave of Brandenburg. |
| 1147. | The second Crusade. |
| 1152—1190. | Frederick I., Barbarossa. |
| 1163. | Union of the Lombard cities. |
| 1176. | Barbarossa's defeat at Legnano. |
| 1177. | Reconciliation with the Pope at Venice. |
| 1179. | Otto of Wittelsbach, Duke of Bavaria. |
| 1181. | Henry the Lion banished. |
| 1183. | The Peace of Constance. |
| 1190. | The third Crusade; death of Barbarossa; foundation of the German Order. |
| 1190—1197. | Henry VI. (receives also Naples and Sicily). |
| 1192. | Richard of the Lion-Heart imprisoned. |
| 1195. | Death of Henry the Lion. |
| 1197—1208. | Philip of Suabia; Otto IV. of Brunswick rival Emperor; civil wars. |
| 1208. | Murder of Philip of Suabia. |
| 1212. | Frederick II., Hohenstaufen, comes to Germany. |
| 1215—1250. | Frederick II.'s reign. |
| 1226. | The German Order occupies Prussia. |
| 1227. | Frederick II. excommunicated by Pope Gregory IX. |
| 1228. | The fifth Crusade, led by Frederick II. |
| 1235. | Rebellion of Frederick's son, Henry. |
| 1237. | Frederick II.'s victory at Cortenuovo. |
| 1245. | Pope Innocent IV. excommunicates the Emperor. |
| 1247. | Death of Henry Raspe, Anti-Emperor. |
| 1250. | Foundation of the Hanseatic League. |
| 1250—1254. | Konrad IV. |
| 1254. | Union of cities of the Rhine. |
| 1256. | Death of William of Holland, Anti-Emperor. |
| 1266. | Battle of Benevento; death of King Manfred. |
| 1268. | Konradin's march to Italy, defeat, and execution. |
THIRD PERIOD. (1254—1517.)
Emperors of Various Houses.
| 1256. | Richard of Cornwall and Alfonso of Castile elected. |
| 1273—1291. | Rudolf of Hapsburg, Emperor. |
| 1278. | Defeat of King Ottokar of Bohemia. |
| 1291—1298. | Adolf of Nassau. |
| 1291. | Union of three Swiss Cantons. |
| 1298. | Albert of Austria defeats and slays Adolf of Nassau. |
| 1298—1308. | Albert I. of Austria. |
| 1308. | He is murdered by John Parricida. |
| 1308—1313. | Henry VII. of Luxemburg. |
| 1308. | The Papacy removed from Rome to Avignon. |
| 1310. | Henry VII.'s son, John, King of Bohemia. |
| 1313. | Henry VII. poisoned in Italy. |
| 1314—1347. | Ludwig the Bavarian. |
| 1314—1330. | Frederick of Austria, Anti-Emperor. |
| 1315. | Battle of Morgarten. |
| 1322. | Ludwig's victory at Mühldorf. |
| 1324. | He gets possession of Brandenburg. |
| 1327. | His journey to Rome; Pope John XXII. deposed. |
| 1338. | Convention of German princes at Rense. |
| 1344. | Invention of gunpowder. |
| 1346. | The Pope declares Ludwig deposed, and appoints Karl IV. of Bohemia. |
| 1347. | Death of Ludwig the Bavarian. |
| 1347—1378. | Karl IV. (Luxemburg). |
| 1348. | Günther of Schwarzburg, Anti-Emperor. |
| 1356. | Proclamation of "The Golden Bull." |
| 1363. | Tyrol annexed to Austria. |
| 1368. | The Hanseatic League defeats Waldemar III. of Denmark. |
| 1373. | Karl IV. acquires Brandenburg. |
| 1377. | War of Suabian cities with Count Eberhard. |
| 1378—1418. | Schism in the Catholic Church. |
| 1378—1400. | Wenzel of Bohemia (Luxemburg). |
| 1386. | Battle of Sempach. |
| 1388. | War of the Suabian cities. |
| 1400. | Wenzel deposed. |
| 1400—1410. | Rupert of the Palatinate. |
| 1409. | The Council of Pisa. |
| 1410. | The German Order defeated by the Poles. |
| 1411. | Three Emperors and three Popes at the same time. |
| 1411. | Frederick of Hohenzollern receives Brandenburg. |
| 1411—1437. | Sigismund of Bohemia. |
| 1414—1418. | The council at Constance. |
| 1415. | Martyrdom of Huss. |
| 1418. | End of the schism; Martin V., Pope. |
| 1419—1436. | The Hussite wars; Ziska; Procopius. |
| 1431—1449. | Council of Basel. |
| 1437. | Death of Sigismund. |
The Hapsburg Emperors.