[9] See the writings of Gentile concerning De Wulf and La Berthonnière in the Critica, iii. pp. 203-21, iv. pp. 431-445.
[10] Prantl, Gesch. d. Logik, iii. pp. 182-3.
[11] For these references to writings of Luther, see F. J. Schmidt, Zur Wiedergeburt des Idealismus, Leipzig, 1908, pp. 44-6.
[12] See my Essay upon Hegel, ch. ii.
[13] Preface to Nouveaux Essais.
[14] See what is said on this point in my Æsthetic,2 Part II. Chap. VIII.
[15] Krit. d. rein. Vern. ed. Kirchmann, pp. 22-3.
[16] Wiss. d. Logik, i. p. 35; cfr. p. 19.
[17] Kuno Fischer in his Logic, when expounding the thought of Hegel, clearly distinguishes the empirical concepts from the pure concepts, and notes that those which are pure or philosophical, are, in the spirit, the basis and presupposition of the others. "These others, the empirical, are formed from single representations or intuitions, by uniting homogeneous characteristics and separating them from the heterogeneous; and thus arise general representations, concepts of classes": empirical, because of their empirical origin, and representative, because they represent entire classes of single objects, that is, are generalized representations. But at the base of each of these are found judgments or syntheses, which contain non-empirical and non-representable elements, elements which are a priori and only thinkable. These are the true concepts, the first thoughts in the ideal order, without which nothing can be thought (Logik2, i. sect. i. § 3). The difference between these pure concepts or categories and empirical concepts or categories is not quantitative, but qualitative: the pure concepts are not the most general, the broadest classes; they do not represent phenomena, but connections and relations; they can be compared to the signs (+,-, x, ÷, √, etc.) of arithmetical operations; they are not obtainable by abstraction, indeed it is by means of them that all abstractions are affected (loc. cit. §§ 5-6).
[18] See my essay, What is Living and what is Dead of the Philosophy of Hegel, for the criticism here briefly summarized.