[19] Dialektik, ed. Halpern, pp. 203-245.

[20] Werke, ed. Grisebach, ii. chap. 39.

[21] The movement of Italian thought in the first decades of the nineteenth century was rather a progress of national philosophic culture than a factor in the general history of philosophy. In this last respect, the rôle of Italy was for the time being ended; though it did not end in the seventeenth century with Campanella and Galileo (as foreign historians and the Italians who copy them believe). It ended magnificently in the first half of the eighteenth century with Vico, the last representative of the Renaissance and the first of Romanticism. The influence of German philosophy continued to manifest itself in Italy in the nineteenth century, at first almost entirely through French literature, then directly. It can be studied in the three principal thinkers of the first half of the century, Galuppi, Rosmini, and Gioberti. The first began from the Scottish school, and while attacking Kant, he absorbed not a few of his principles. The second, also in a polemical sense and in a Catholic wrapping, can be called the Italian Kant. The third, who had always only the slightest consciousness of history, assumed the same position as Schelling and Hegel. To have attained (between 1850 and 1860) to such historical consciousness is the merit of Bertrando Spaventa (see especially his book, La filosofia italiana nelle sue relazioni con la filosofia europea, new edition, by G. Gentile, Bari, Laterza, 1908), who represented Hegelianism in Italy in a very cautious and critical form. But there was no true surpassing of Hegelianism either by his disciples or by his adversaries, and some original thought is to be found only among non-professional philosophers, particularly in Æsthetic, with Francesco de Sanctis (cf. Estetica, part ii. chap. 15).

[22] Krit. d. rein. Vernunft, loc. cit.

[23] Logik, p. 42 sqq.

[24] See, among other books, L'Analisi delle sensazioni, Italian translation Turin, Bocca; 1903.

[25] Grenzen d. naturwissensch. Begriffsbildung, Freiburg i. B, 1896-1902, chaps. 1-3.

[26] See above, [p. 528].

[27] See his articles in the Revue de métaphys. et de morale, vols. vii. viii. xi.

[28] "Introduction à la Métaphysique," in the Revue de métaphys. et de mor. xi. pp. 1-36.