For although we can never be sure about the issue of individual objects, it may nevertheless happen that we do not doubt it. For elsewhere we have shown that it is one thing not to doubt and another to possess certitude, and so it may happen that from the image of an object either past or future we are affected with the same emotion of joy or sorrow as that by which we should be affected from the image of an object present.
XVI. Gladness (gaudium) is a joy with the accompanying idea of something past, which, unhoped for, has happened.
XVII. Remorse is sorrow with the accompanying idea of something past, which, unhoped for, has happened.
XVIII. Commiseration is sorrow with the accompanying idea of evil which has happened to some one whom we imagine like ourselves.
Explanation.—Between commiseration and compassion there seems to be no difference, excepting perhaps that commiseration refers rather to an individual emotion and compassion to it as a habit.
XIX. Favor is love towards those who have benefited others.
XX. Indignation is hatred towards those who have injured others.
Explanation.—I am aware that these names in common bear a different meaning. But my object is not to explain the meaning of words but the nature of things, and to indicate them by words whose customary meaning shall not be altogether opposed to the meaning which I desire to bestow upon them. I consider it sufficient to have said this once for all.
XXI. Over-estimation consists in thinking too highly of another person in consequence of our love for him.
XXII. Contempt consists in thinking too little of another person in consequence of our hatred for him.