XXXIII. Emulation is the desire which is begotten in us of a thing because we imagine that other persons have the same desire.
Explanation.—He who seeks flight because others seek it, he who fears because he sees others fear, or even he who withdraws his hand and moves his body as if his hand were burning because he sees that another person has burnt his hand, such as these, I say, although they may indeed imitate the emotion of another, are not said to emulate it; not because we have recognized one cause for emulation and another for imitation, but because it has been the custom to call that man only emulous who imitates what we think noble, useful, or pleasant.
XXXIV. Thankfulness or gratitude is the desire or endeavor of love with which we strive to do good to others who, from a similar emotion of love, have done good to us.
XXXV. Benevolence is the desire to do good to those whom we pity.
XXXVI. Anger is the desire by which we are impelled, through hatred, to injure those whom we hate.
XXXVII. Vengeance is the desire which, springing from mutual hatred, urges us to injure those who, from a similar emotion, have injured us.
XXXVIII. Cruelty or ferocity is the desire by which a man is impelled to injure any one whom we love or pity.
Explanation.—To cruelty is opposed mercy, which is not a passion, but a power of the mind by which a man restrains anger and vengeance.
XXXIX. Fear is the desire of avoiding the greater of two dreaded evils by the less.
XL. Audacity is the desire by which we are impelled to do something which is accompanied with a danger which our equals fear to meet.