Tarquinius Superbus, septimus et ultimus rēx Rōmānōrum, ubi in exsilium ab īrātīs Rōmānīs ēiectus est, ā Porsenā, rēge Etrūscōrum, auxilium petiit. Mox Porsena magnīs cum cōpiīs Rōmam vēnit, et ipsa urbs summō in perīculō erat. Omnibus in partibus exercitus Rōmānus victus erat. Iam rēx montem Iāniculum5 occupāverat. Numquam anteā Rōmānī tantō metū tenēbantur. Ex agrīs in urbem properābant et summō studiō urbem ipsam mūniēbant.

4. The story of Horatius has been made familiar by Macaulay’s well-known poem “Horatius” in his Lays of Ancient Rome. Read the poem in connection with this selection.

5. The Janiculum is a high hill across the Tiber from Rome.

[ LESSON LI]
THE DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS HIC, ISTE, ILLE

[290.] We have already learned the declension of the demonstrative pronoun is and its use. (Cf. Lesson XVII.) That pronoun refers to persons or things either far or near, and makes no definite reference to place or time. If we wish to point out an object definitely in place or time, we must use hic, iste, or ille. These demonstratives, like is, are used both as pronouns and as adjectives, and their relation to the speaker may be represented graphically thus:

a. In dialogue hic refers to a person or thing near the speaker; iste, to a person or thing near the person addressed; ille, to a person or thing remote from both. These distinctions are illustrated in the model sentences, [§ 293], which should be carefully studied and imitated.

[291.] Hic is declined as follows:

SingularPlural
MASC.FEM.NEUT.MASC.FEM.NEUT.
Nom.hichaechochīhaehaec
Gen.huiushuiushuiushōrumhārumhōrum
Dat.huichuichuichīshīshīs
Acc.hunchanchochōshāshaec
Abl.hōchāchōchīshīshīs