Professor A. B. Hart, of Harvard University, says:

"The Underground Railroad was not a route but a network; not an organization, but a conspiracy of thousands of people banded together for the deliberate purpose of depriving their Southern neighbors of their property and of defying the Fugitive Slave Laws of the United States."[[293]]

With such a system in active operation, it only became necessary, in order to invest the whole movement with the dignity of state usurpation and wrong, for states to enact the so-called Personal Liberty Laws.


[289] Constitution of the United States, Article IV, Sub-section 2.
[290] Plymouth Colony Records, IX, p. 5, and Fugitive Slaves, Boston, 1891, McDougall, p. 7.
[291] History of the Ordinance of 1787, American Antiquarian Society, new series, Vol. V, p. 315.
[292] Idem, p. 335.
[293] Slavery and Abolition, Hart, p. 228.