An Outline of the Phonology and Morphology of Old Provençal

by C. H. Grandgent

(13) Düire (＜ dūcĕre): dütz (＜ dūcit) düi (analogy of destrüi, trai).

(14) Eissir (＜ exīre): iesc, iescon, iesca, analogy of conosc, florisc, etc.; for vowel, see § [159], (2).

(15) Ésser estre (＜ ✱ĕssĕre = ĕsse). Pres. indicative: sŭm ＞ sọn sọ (§ [82], M), then, by the analogy of ai and füi, sọi süi; ĕs became ęst ięst, perhaps through ĕs tu ＞ ęs-t-u ＞ ęst-tü, supported by the analogy of the preterit ending of the 2d sg. (vọs vendętz, tü vendęst or vendięst, so, to match vọs ętz, a form tü ęst or ięst); ĕst became ẹs, probably through such combinations as quẹ’s (understood as qu’ẹs); sīmu’, which existed in Latin beside sŭmus (Rom., XXI, 347), gave sẹm, while from ĕstis there was constructed an ✱ĕsmus ＞ ęsmes (rare), and from ętz a form ẹm (very common); ĕstis ＞ ęstz ętz (§ [78], 2); sŭnt ＞ sọn sǫ (§ [83], Nt). Pres. subjunctive: sĭm, sīs, etc., were replaced in V. L. by ✱sĭam, ✱sĭas, etc. (on the analogy of fiam, faciam, etc.), which gave sía sías sía siám siátz, sían síon; we find also sẹia, etc., formed apparently on deia, veia. Imperative borrowed from subjunctive.

(16) Estar (＜ stare). Pres. indicative: estáu (＜ ✱stao) estáuc (§ [161]); estás (＜ stas); está (＜ stat) estái (analogy of fai, trai); estám (＜ stamu’); estátz (＜ statis) estáitz (after faitz); están (＜ stant) estáun (＜ ✱staunt); see § [137] (1). Pres. subjunctive: estía, etc., estéia, etc., patterned on sia, seia; also estéi, perhaps a cross between esteia and ✱esté ＜ stem. Imperative: está, estáitz.

(17) Faire far (＜ facĕre ✱fare): § [137], (1). Pres. indicative: fatz (＜ facio) fau (analogy of dau, estau) fac fauc (§ [161]); fas (＜ ✱fas); fatz (＜ facit) fa (＜ ✱fat) fai (influence of faire, faim, faitz, and of trai); faim (＜ facĭmu’: § [167], 1) fam (＜ ✱famu’) fazém (see fazétz); faitz (＜ facĭtis) fatz (＜ ✱fatis) fazétz (analogy of regular verbs, crezétz, etc.); fan (＜ ✱fant) faun (analogy of daun, estaun). Pres. subjunctive: faça fassa, etc. (＜ faciam, etc.). Imperative: fai (＜ fac); fatz faitz (borrowed from indicative) fait (＜ facĭte).

(18) Iazér (＜ jacēre), also iassér (influence of ias ＜ iatz ＜ jacet, and of iassa?): iatz (＜ jacet) iai (analogy of fai, trai); iassa (＜ jaceam) iaia (analogy of traia, vaia).

(19) Movér móure (＜ movēre ✱mŏvĕre): mova (＜ ✱mŏvam = mŏveam) moga (analogy of traga).

(20) Partir (＜ partīre): part (＜ ✱parto = partio) parc (§ [161]); so parta parga.

(21) Perdre (＜ pĕdĕre): pert perc, perda perga; see § [161].