Animal Behaviour - C. Lloyd Morgan

My book on “Animal Life and Intelligence” being out of print, I undertook to revise it for a new Edition. As the work of revision proceeded, however, it appeared that the amended treatment would not fall conveniently under the previous scheme of arrangement. I therefore decided to write a new book under the title of “Animal Behaviour.” A few passages from the older work have been introduced, and some of the observations and conclusions already published in greater detail in “Habit and Instinct” have been summarized. But it will be found that these occupy a relatively small space in the following pages.

C. Ll. M.

University College, Bristol,
October 1st, 1900.

CHAPTER I
ORGANIC BEHAVIOUR
PAGE
I.	Behaviour in General	[1]
II.	Behaviour of Cells	[3]
III.	Corporate Behaviour	[14]
IV.	The Behaviour of Plants	[24]
V.	Reflex Action	[31]
VI.	The Evolution of Organic Behaviour	[35]
CHAPTER II
CONSCIOUSNESS
I.	The Conscious Accompaniments of Certain Organic Changes	[42]
II.	The Early Stages of Mental Development	[48]
III.	Later Phases in Mental Development	[56]
IV.	The Evolution of Consciousness	[61]
CHAPTER III
INSTINCTIVE BEHAVIOUR
I.	Definition of Instinctive Behaviour	[63]
II.	Instinctive Behaviour in Insects	[71]
III.	The Instinctive Behaviour of Young Birds	[84]
IV.	The Conscious Aspect of Instinctive Behaviour	[98]
V.	The Evolution of Instinctive Behaviour	[106]

CHAPTER IV
INTELLIGENT BEHAVIOUR
I.	The Nature of Intelligent Behaviour	[117]
II.	Intelligent Behaviour in Insects	[123]
III.	Some Results of Experiment	[134]
IV.	The Evolution of Intelligent Behaviour	[155]
V.	The Influence of Intelligence on Instinct	[168]
CHAPTER V
SOCIAL BEHAVIOUR
I.	Imitation	[179]
II.	Intercommunication	[193]
III.	Social Communities of Bees and Ants	[205]
IV.	Animal Tradition	[220]
V.	The Evolution of Social Behaviour	[225]
CHAPTER VI
THE FEELINGS AND EMOTIONS
I.	Impulse, Interest, and Emotion	[235]
II.	Play	[248]
III.	Courtship	[258]
IV.	Animal “Æsthetics” and “Ethics”	[270]
V.	The Evolution of Feeling and Emotion	[282]
CHAPTER VII
THE EVOLUTION OF ANIMAL BEHAVIOUR
I.	The Physiological Aspect	[295]
II.	The Biological Aspect	[305]
III.	The Psychological Aspect	[315]
IV.	Continuity in Evolution	[324]
	Index	[338]

ILLUSTRATIONS

FIG.		PAGE
1.	Paramecium. (From “Animal Biology.” Longmans)	[4]
2.	Behaviour of Paramecia. (After Jennings, American Journal of Psychology)	[8]
3.	Cell-division. (From “Animal Biology.” Longmans)	[13]
4.	Wapiti with antlers in velvet. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds)	[16]
5.	Wapiti with velvet shredding off. (Drawing by Mr. Charles Whymper, after photograph by Miss Reynolds)	[17]
6.	Sun-dew leaf and tentacles. (From Darwin’s “Insectivorous Plants.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)	[26]
7.	Venus’s Fly-trap. (From Darwin’s “Insectivorous Plants.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)	[27]
8.	Flower of Valisneria	[28]
9.	Flower of Catasetum	[30]
10.	Flower of Catasetum dissected. (From Darwin’s “Fertilization of Orchids.” Murray. By kind permission of Mr. Francis Darwin, F.R.S.)	[31]
11.	Solitary Wasp stinging Caterpillar. (After Plate III. in Dr. and Mrs. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)	[75]
12.	Solitary Wasp dragging a Caterpillar to its Nest. (After Plate IV. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)	[76]
13.	Insect Larvæ: Sitaris, Argyromœba, and Leucopsis. (After Fabre “Souvenirs”)	[80]
14.	Yucca Flower and Moth	[83]
15.	Newly-hatched Chick swimming. (Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after instantaneous photographs and a sketch by the author)	[85]
16.	Nestling Megapode. (From Dr. R. Bowdler Sharpe’s “Wonders of the Bird World.” Wells Gardner)	[87]
17.	Cuckoo ejecting Meadow Pipit. (From Mrs. Hugh Blackburn’s sketch in “Birds from Moidart.” David Douglas)	[91]
18.	Leaf-case of Birch-weevil	[121]
19.	Solitary Wasp using a stone as a tool. (After Plate V. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)	[127]
20.	Spiders placed by Solitary Wasps in crotches of branching stems. (After Plate X. in Dr. Peckham’s “Solitary Wasps”)	[133]
21.	Fox-terrier lifting the latch of a gate. (Drawn by Mr. Charles Whymper, after a photograph by Miss Alice Worsley)	[145]
22.	Cage used by Dr. Thorndike. (After figure in “Animal Intelligence,” Psychological Review, 1898)	[148]
23.	Diagram illustrating Dr. Thorndike’s Experiments. (Based on data given in his monograph on “Animal Intelligence”)	[150]
24.	Wood ant. (From Shipley’s “Invertebrates.” A. & C. Black)	[207]
25.	Beetle soliciting food from Ant. (After Wasmann. Enlarged)	[213]
26.	Honey-pot Ant. (Enlarged)	[215]

CONTENTS

ILLUSTRATIONS