Animal Life and Intelligence

by C. Lloyd Morgan

N

• Nägeli, [159]
• Naish, Mr. John G., on the cockatoo, [354]
• Natural selection, variation and, [61];
  • two modes, elimination and selection proper, [79];
  • and the effects of use and disuse, [174];
  • not to be used as a magic formula, [184];
  • and instinct, [445];
  • and human thought, [484]
• Nerves, briefly described, [246];
  • afferent and efferent, [303]
• Nestor notabilis, [446]
• Nests of bower-bird and humming-bird, [408];
  • instinctive building of, [453]
• Nettleship, Mr., on a lion, [400]
• Neural processes, environment of, [491]
• Neurosis and psychosis, [465]
• Neuter insects, [440]
• New Zealand sparrow, [445];
  • parrot, [446];
  • chaffinch, [454]
• Nichols, on taste, [251]
• Noctule, [66]
• Noiré, on concepts, [325]
• Nomada solidaginis, [90]
• Norris, Mr. W. E., quoted, [420]
• Noumena, or "things in themselves," [470]
• Nucleus of animal cell, [10];
  • as controlling formative process in, [124]
• Nutrition in illustration of the process of life, [25]

O

• Object, nature of, [313], [437]
• Ocelli in insects, [288]
• Oecodoma cephalotes, [213]
• Onchidium, [293]
• Optogram, [276]
• Organic combination, hypothesis of, [150], [240]
• Organic evolution, [177];
  • as basis of comparative psychology, [336]
• Organic growth, [5]
• Organism, unity of, as regards body and germ, [161];
  • relation of, to environment, [183]
• Organization, co-ordinating power of, [125];
  • of bodily and mental activities, [419]
• Origin, distinguished from guidance, [242]
• Origin of species, [242]
• Origin of organic variations, [231];
  • of metakinetic or mental variations, [496]
• Ornithoptera, [179]
• Otoliths, [265], [271]
• Owen, Sir Richard, suggested germinal continuity, [135]
• Oyster-embryo set free early, [56];
  • variation of Mediterranean, [164]

P

• Pachyrhyncus orbifex, [87]
• Pagurus prideauxii, [457]
• Pain, massive and acute, [379];
  • capacities of animals for, [391]
• Pangenesis, [182]
• Panmixia and disuse, [189]
• Papilionidæ, [202]
• Paradise, birds of, [202]
• Paranucleus in protozoa, [39]
• Paramœcium, reproduction in, [39]
• Parasites, how they feed, [5]
• Parental sacrifice in birds and mammals, [57];
  • its limits, [186]
• Parrot, intelligence of, [353]
• Parthenogenetic forms, no second polar cell in, [153];
  • the drone an exception, [153]
• Parus palustris, [164]
• Peal, Mr. S., on use of tools by elephant, [370]
• Peckham, Mr. G. W., on love-antics of a spider, [208], [450]
• Pecten, [293]
• Pelagic animals, colours of, [83]
• Penzoldt, Dr., on smell, [254]
• Percept, [325], [326]
• Perception, [311], [324];
  • in animals, [339]
• Perceptual association, [202]
• Perigenesis of the plastidule, [159]
• Peripatus, [142]
• Persistence, law of, [61]
• Pheasant, hybrids between Amherst and golden, [106];
  • golden, hen with cock's plumage, [228]
• Phengodini, [223]
• Phenomenal nature of object, [315], [320], [331]
• Photographic psychology, [320], [326]
• Phrynocephalus mystaceus, [90]
• Physiological isolation, [104]
• Physiological and psychological activities, [304];
  • series, [386], [417]
• Picton, Mrs. E., on Skye terrier, [398]
• Pigeons, correlated variations in, [216];
  • silky fantail prepotent, [227]
• Pigs, intestines of, [171];
  • crossing of, [226], [230]
• Pike, teeth of, [437]
• Pineal gland, [196], [288]
• Pipistrelle, wing of, [64]
• Pipits as illustrating divergence, [97]
• Pitch, musical, [261]
• Plasm, [10]
• Plasmogen, [10]
• Platyglossus, [83]
• Play, instinct of, [450]
• Pleasure and the special senses, [243];
  • massive and acute, [379];
  • capacities of animals for, [391]
• Plecotus auritus, [68]
• Plesiosaurus, pineal eye of, [288]
• Ploss, Herr, on sex-differentiation in man, [59]
• Plover, Kentish, [83], [217]
• Polar cells, extrusion of, [51];
  • and variation, [153]
• Postponement of action, [385]
• Poulton, Mr. E. B., on colours of animals, [84];
  • on Phrynocephalus mystaceus, [90];
  • on caterpillars and chrysalids, [165];
  • dimorphism in larvæ, [187];
  • observations on edibility of caterpillars, [212];
  • "Theories of Heredity," quotation from, [214];
  • on the eating of unpalatable insects, [445]
• Predominant defined, [349];
  • and language, [374]
• Preferential mating, a means of segregation, [102];
  • and sexual selection, [197]
• Preformation and evolution of older writers, [50]
• Prepotency, [227]
• Presentations of sense, [318]
• Previous sire, effect of, [168]
• Prevision as a criterion of intelligence, [457]
• Principles, mechanical, [368]
• Process of life, [20]
• Progress, or continuous adaptation, [119];
  • adaptation to more complex circumstances, [183]
• Pronghorn, curiosity in, [339]
• Proposition, [329]
• Protective resemblance and mimicry, [82];
  • general resemblance, [83];
  • variable resemblance, [84];
  • special resemblance, [86];
  • to another organism, [87];
  • coloration, a means of segregation, [101]
• Protection, fosterage and, [219]
• Proteus, sensitive to light, [294]
• Protista, [15]
• Protohippus, [118]
• Protophyta, [15]
• Protoplasm, [10]
• Protozoa, nature of, [15];
  • transmission of acquired faculty in, [147];
  • origin of metazoan variations in, [156];
  • psychology of, [360]
• Psithyrus rupestris, [90]
• Psychological and physiological activities, [304];
  • series, [386], [417]
• Psychoses and neuroses, [465]
• Ptarmigan, on colour of, [165]

R

• Rabbit, brain of, [171];
  • Angora crossed, [225];
  • one-eared, [226];
  • deprived of long lip-hairs, [247];
  • papilla foliata of, [250];
  • effects of superabundant food on, [394]
• Rae, Dr., on dogs swimming rivers, [364];
  • on "abstract reasoning" in the fox, [366];
  • on wild and tame ducklings, [435]
• Rage and anger, [389]
• Ramsay, Dr. Wm., on smell, [255]
• Rats of Solomon Islands, [100];
  • of the London Docks, [106];
  • at South Kensington, [115]
• Rayleigh, Lord, on colour-blending, [283];
  • on sensitive-flame experiments, [298];
• Reality, meaning of term, [314]
• Reason distinguished from intelligence, [330], [365];
  • as defined by Mr. Romanes, [372]
• Recepts, [326], [368]
• Recognition-marks, [103];
  • involve perception, [351]
• Reconstructs and reconstruction (mental), [318]
• Reflex action, [415];
  • and instinct, [422]
• Regeneration of lost parts, [41];
  • in relation to heredity, [124];
  • law of growth concerned in, [126]
• Reindeer wounded, [392];
  • change of habit in, [445]
• Remnants or vestiges, [196]
• Reproduction, nature of, [13];
  • and development, [36];
  • in the protozoa, [38];
  • in the metazoa, [41];
  • by budding, [42];
  • sexual, [42];
  • peculiar modifications of, [45];
  • developmental, [143]
• Reproductive cells, continuity of, [131]
• Resemblance, protective, [82];
  • aggressive, [90]
• Respiration an essential life-process, [3];
  • in illustration of the process of life, [21]
• Retardation and acceleration, [221]
• Retina of man, [274]; of birds, [284]
• Retinal purple, [276]
• Revenge, [401]
• Reversion, [191]
• Revolution and evolution, [119]
• Rhea, neck resembling snake, [88]
• Rhinolophus ferri-equinum, hipposideros, [65]
• Rhyme-association in parrot, [356]
• Ribot, M., on attention, [343]
• Richardson, Mr. Charles, on railway servants killed by train, [388]
• Riley, Prof., on Phengodini, [223]
• Romanes, Prof. G. J., on physiological isolation, [104];
  • on the cessation of selection, [190];
  • on the failure of heredity, [192];
  • on the reversal of selection, [193];
  • on sense of smell in dog,
  • on colour-sense in chimpanzee, [283];
  • on ideas, [326];
  • on dog cowed by noise, [340];
  • on abstract ideas in animals, [348];
  • on parrot, [353];
  • on localization and discrimination, [359];
  • examples of animal intelligence considered, [362];
  • on abstract ideas in the capuchin, [368];
  • definition of reason, [372];
  • on strange attachments in birds, [396];
  • on some emotions in animals, [400];
  • on endurance of pain in dogs and wolves, [402];
  • on sense of humour in dog, [407];
  • on indefinite morality in animals, [413];
  • definition of instinct, [422];
  • on education of ant, [428];
  • on homing faculty of bees, [428];
  • on consciousness and instinct, [432];
  • summary of his conclusions on instinct, [434];
  • on instincts of Siamese ants, [449];
  • his psychological scale, [478];
  • on the world as an eject, [479]
• Rotation, sense of, [269]
• Rotifers, absence of fertilization in reproduction, [45]
• Roux, on extirpation of cleavage-cell of frog's egg, [214]
• Rowell, G. A., on "Beneficent Distribution of Pain," [392]
• Ruffs, variability of males, [110], [178]
• Russell, Mr. W. J., on smell in the dog, [255]

S

• Saitis pulex, [450]
• Salinity of water, effects of, on brine-shrimp, [164]
• Salmon, new variety of, in Tasmania, [99]
• Saturnia, modification of, by changed food, [163];
  • carpini (emperor moth), [258]
• Savages, fetishistic belief in, [494]
• Schaub, Mr., observations on a terrier, [405]
• Schmankewitsch on Artemia, [164]
• Sclater, Mr. W. L., on mimicry in an insect, [88]
• Sedgwick, Mr. Adam, on development of peripatus, [142]
• Seebohm, Mr. H., on birds' eggs, [410]
• Segregation, [99]
• Selection, as compared with elimination, [79];
  • illustrated, [92];
  • artificial, [172];
  • cessation of, [190];
  • reversal of, [193];
  • sexual, or preferential mating, [197], [452];
  • as a factor in the origin of instinct, [447];
  • as applied to the intellectual faculties, [498]
• Selenia, illunaria, and illustraria, [238]
• Self, the, or ego, [475]
• Self-consciousness, [460]
• Semicircular canals, [262], [269]
• Senility, introduction of, [184]
• Sensation defined, [305], [324]
• Sense-feelings of animals, [393]
• Senses of animals, [243];
  • organic and muscular, [244];
  • touch, [245];
  • temperature-sense, [249];
  • taste, [250];
  • smell, [253];
  • hearing, [261];
  • sight, [272];
  • contact and telæsthetic, [249];
  • problematical, [297]
• Sensibility, [385];
  • variations of, [449]
• Sensitive, special use of the term, [9]
• Sensitiveness and sensibility, [385]
• Sentiments, [391];
  • in animals, [403]
• Sex-differentiation, [58]
• Sexual union of ovum and sperm a source of variations, [149];
  • characters, secondary, [197];
  • selection, [197]
• Shame in monkey, [402]
• Sheep, Youatt on, quoted, [455]
• Shells, land, of Sandwich Islands, [99]
• Shipp, Captain, experiment on an elephant, [401]
• Sight, sense of, [272]
• Sitaris, instinct of, [438]
• Skertchly, Mr. S. B. J., on leaf-butterfly, [86]
• Slave-making ants, [425]
• Smell, sense of, [253]
• Smerinthus ocellatus, [165]
• Smith, Mr. G. Munro, on elimination among microbes, [80]
• Snail, variations in banding of shells, [75];
  • sense of smell in, [260];
  • auditory sac, [265];
  • eye of, [292];
  • spiculæ amoris of, [450]
• Snakes, mimicry in, [88]
• Snipe, drumming of, [448]
• Sollas, Dr. W. J., on regeneration of tentacle in snail, [127]
• Somatic, or body-cells, [193]
• Sommering, Fig. of semicircular canals, [270]
• Spalanzani, his experiments on bats, [248]
• Spalding, Douglas, on instinctive emotions, [395];
  • on perfect instincts of chicken, [424];
  • on deferred instinct in swallow, [425]
• Sparrows in New Zealand, [445]
• Specific characters, utility of, [110];
  • constancy of, [111]
• Spencer, Mr. Baldwin, Fig. of pineal eye, [288]
• Spencer, Mr. Herbert, law associated with his name, [37];
  • physiological units, [125], [153];
  • on lap-dogs, [195];
  • on the Irish elk and giraffe, [212];
  • on diminution in ear-muscles, [215];
  • definition of pleasure and pain, [381];
  • on æsthetics, [412];
  • on instinct and reflex action, [422]
• Sperm-cell and egg-cell, [13];
  • conditions which determine production of, [60]
• Sphex, instinct of, [429], [456]
• Spiders, hunting, mimicry in, [89];
  • Javan, Mr. H. O. Forbes on, [90];
  • love-antics of, [208], [450];
  • ocelli of, [289]
• Spinoza, quoted, [61], [379], [460]
• Sponges, reproduction of, [41], [42]
• Spongilla, reproduction of, [46]
• Spore-formation, reproduction by, [38]
• Squirrel of Sarepta, [113]
• Stag-beetles, variation in males of, [180]
• Star-fish, embryo set free early, [56]
• Starling, modified song of, [455]
• St. John, observations on a retriever, [400]
• Stenorhynchus, [457]
• Sterility, how developed, [108]
• Stewart, Mr. Duncan, on sympathy in cat, [398]
• Stimuli, [302]
• Strange, Mr., on love-antics of satin bower-bird, [450]
• Striped ancestor of Equidæ, [230]
• Struggle for existence, [79];
  • variations in the intensity of, [112]
• Sturge, Miss Mildred, on the parrot, [355]
• Stylonichia, observations of M. Maupas on, [39]
• Sully, Mr. James, on concepts, [325];
  • on propositions, [329];
  • on judgment and reason, [330];
  • on emotion, [390];
  • on æsthetic sense of beauty, [411]
• Sutton, Mr. Bland, on hen pheasant like the male, [228];
  • on the action of leucocytes, [439]
• Swallow and swift, convergence in, [117];
  • cliff, of United States, [445]
• Swayne, Mr. S. H., on the elephant, [369]
• Symbolic nature of mental products, [314]
• Symonds, Mr. J. A., on "world-consciousness," [478]
• Sympathy in animals, [397]