[Footnote 12: Frothingham, Gerrit Smith, p. 73.]

[Footnote 13: Delany, Condition of the Colored People, pp. 107-108.]

[Footnote 14: Ibid., p. 102.]

[Footnote 15: Ibid., p. 102.]

[Footnote 16: Ibid., pp. 103-104.]

[Footnote 17: Delany, Condition of the Colored People, pp. 106-107.]

[Footnote 18: DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro, p. 31; Report of the Condition of the Free People of Color, 1838; ibid., 1849; and Bacon, Statistics of the Colored People of Philadelphia, 1859.]

[Footnote 19: Delany, Condition of the Colored People, p. 95.]

[Footnote 20: DuBois, The Philadelphia Negro, pp. 31-36.]

[Footnote 21: Delany, Condition of the Colored People, p. 109.]