The Education of the Negro Prior to 1861 / A History of the Education of the Colored People of the United States from the Beginning of Slavery to the Civil War

by Carter Godwin Woodson

Pennsylvania.
Laws of the General Assembly of the State of Pennsylvania.
BRIGHTLY, FRANK F. A Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania.
STROUD, G.M. Purdon's Digest of the Laws of Pennsylvania
from 1700 to 1851. (Philadelphia, 1852.)

Rhode Island.
Acts and Resolves Passed by the General Assembly of the State
of Rhode Island and Providence Plantations.

South Carolina.
Acts and Resolutions of the General Assembly of the State of
South Carolina.
BREVARD, JOSEPH. An Alphabetical Digest of the Public
Statute Laws of South Carolina from 1692 to 1813. Three
volumes. (Charleston, 1814.)

Tennessee.
Acts of the General Assembly of the State of Tennessee.

Virginia.
Acts of the General Assembly of Virginia.
HENING, W.W. Statutes at Large: A Collection of all the Laws
of Virginia from the First Session of the Legislature in the
Year 1816. (Richmond, 1819 to 1823.) Published pursuant
to an act of the General Assembly of Virginia,
passed on the 5th of February, 1808. The work was extended
by S. Shepherd who published three additional
volumes in 1836. Chief source of historical material for
the history of Virginia.
TATE, Joseph. A Digest of the Laws of Virginia. (Richmond,
1841.)

INDEX

Abdy, E.S., learned that slaves were taught
Abolitionists, interested in the enlightenment of Negroes
Account of a pious Negro
Actual education after the revolutionary period
Adams, Rev. Henry, teacher at Louisville
Adams, John, report of James Otis's argument on the Writs of
Assistance; views on slavery
Address of the American Convention of Abolition Societies
African Benevolent Society of Rhode Island, school of
African Episcopalians of Philadelphia, school of
African Free School of Baltimore
African Free Schools of New York
African Methodist Episcopal Church, established Union Seminary;
purchased Wilberforce
Agricultural Convention of Georgia recommended that slaves be taught to
read
Alabama, law of 1832; provision for teaching Negroes at Mobile;
Presbyterians of, interested
Albany Normal School, colored student admitted
Alexandria, Virginia Quakers of, instructed Negroes; Benjamin Davis, a
teacher of
Allen, Richard, organized A.M.E. Church; author
Allen, W.H., teacher of Negroes
Ambush, James E., teacher in the District of Columbia
American Colonization Society, The, efforts of, to educate Negroes
American Convention of Abolition Societies, The, interested in the
education of Negroes; recommended industrial education; addresses of
American Union, The, organized; names of its promoters (see note 1 on
page 142)
Amherstburg, Canada, opened a colored school; established a mission
school
Anderson, John G., musician
Andrew, one of the first two colored teachers in Carolina
Andrews, C.C. principal of New York African Free Schools
Andrews, E.A., student of the needs of the Negroes
Anti-slavery agitation, effect of, on education in cities
Appalachian Mountains, settled by people favorable to Negroes
Appo, William, musician
Arnett, B.W., teacher in Pennsylvania
Ashmun Institute, founded; names of the trustees
Athens College, admitted colored students
Attainments of Negroes at the close of the eighteenth century
Auchmutty, Reverend, connected with the school established by Elias
Neau
Augusta, Dr. A.T., learned to read in Virginia
Avery College, established
Avery, Rev. Charles, donor of $300,000 for the education
and Christianization of the African race

Bacon, Rev. Thomas, sermons on the instruction of Negroes
Baldwin County, Alabama, provision for teaching Negroes
Baltimore, several colored churches; colored schools of; an adult
school of 180 pupils; Sunday-schools; day and night school; Bible
Society; African Free School; donation of Wells; donation of
Crane; school tax paid by Negroes, note on page——
Banks, Henry, learned to read in Virginia
Banneker, Benjamin, studied in Maryland; made a clock; took up
astronomy;
encouraged by Ellicott; corresponded with Thomas Jefferson
Baptist preacher, taught Negroes in South Carolina
Baptists, aided the education of Negroes; established school at
Bexley, Liberia; changed attitude toward the uplift of Negroes
Barclay, David, gave money to build school-house
Barclay, Reverend, instructed Negroes in New York
Barr, John W., taught M.W. Taylor in Kentucky
Baxter, Richard, instructed masters to enlighten their slaves
Beard, Simeon, had a school in Charleston
Becraft, Maria, established a school in the District of Columbia
Bell family, progress of
Bell, George, built first colored school-house in District of Columbia
Bell School established
Benezet, Anthony, advocated the education of Negroes; taught Negroes;
believed in western colonization; opinion on Negro intellect;
bequeathed wealth to educate Negroes; school-house built
with the fund;(see note giving sketch of his career)
Berea College, founded
Berkshire Medical School had trouble admitting Negroes; graduated
colored physicians
Berry's portraiture of the Negroes' condition after the reaction
Bibb, Mary E., taught at Windsor, Canada
Billings, Maria, taught in the District of Columbia
Birney, James G., criticized the church; helped Negroes on free soil
Bishop, Josiah, preached to white congregation in Portsmouth, Virginia
Bishop of London, declared that the conversion of slaves did not work
manumission
"Black Friday," Portsmouth, Ohio, Negroes driven out
Blackstone, studied to justify the struggle for the rights of man; his
idea of the body politic forgotten
Bleecker, John, interested in the New York African Free Schools
Boone, R.G., sketch of education in Indiana
Boston, Massachusetts, colored school opened; opened its first primary
school; school in African Church; several colored churches; struggle
for democratic education; (see also Massachusetts)
Boucher, Jonathan, interested in the uplift of Negroes; an advocate of
education; (see note on, 56); extract from address of
Boulder, J.F., student in a mixed school in Delaware
Bowditch, H.J., asked that Negroes be admitted to Boston public schools
Bowdoin College, admitted a Negro
Bradford, James T., studied at Pittsburgh
Branagan advocated colonization of the Negroes in the West
Bray, Dr. Thomas, a promoter of the education of Negroes; "Associates
of Dr. Bray,"; plan of, for the instruction of Negroes
Brearcroft, Dr., alluded to the plan for the enlightenment of Negroes
Breckenridge, John, contributed to the education of the colored people
of Baltimore
Bremer, Fredrika, found colored schools in the South; observed the
teaching of slaves
British American Manual Labor Institute, established at Dawn, Canada
Brown, a graduate of Harvard College, taught colored children in Boston
Brown County, Ohio, colored schools of, established
Brown, Jeremiah H., studied at Pittsburgh
Brown, J.M., attended school in Delaware
Brown, William Wells, author; leader and educator
Browning family, progress of
Bruce, B.K., learned to read,
Bryan, Andrew, preacher in Georgia
Buchanan, George, on mental capacity of Negroes
Buffalo, colored Methodist and Baptist churches of, lost
members
Burke, E.P., found enlightened Negroes in the South
mentioned case of a very intelligent Negro
Burlington, New Jersey, Quakers of, interested in the uplift
of the colored people
Butler, Bishop, urged the instruction of Negroes
Buxton, Canada, separate schools established in

Caesar, a Negro poet of North Carolina
Calvert, Mr., an Englishman who taught Negroes in the
District of Columbia
Camden Insurrection, effect of
Cameron, Paul C., sketch of John Chavis
Canaan, New Hampshire, academy broken up
Canada, education of Negroes in; names of settlements with schools;
difficulties of races; separate schools; mission schools; results
obtained; (see Drew's note on condition of)
Capers, Bishop William, opinion on reconstructing the policy of Negro
education; plan of, to instruct Negroes; work of, among the colored
people; catechism of
Cardozo, F.L., entered school in Charleston
Carey, Lott, educated himself
Cass County, Michigan, school facilities in the colored settlement of
Castleton Medical School, admitted Negroes
Catholics, interested in the education of Negroes
Catto, Rev. William T., author and preacher
Cephas, Uncle, learned from white children
Chandler, solicitor, of Boston, opinion on the segregation of
colored pupils
Channing, William, criticized the church for its lack of interest
in the uplift of the Negroes
Charleston, colored members of church of; Minor Society of;
colored schools of, attended by Bishop Daniel A. Payne;
insurrection of; theological seminary of, admitted a Negro
Charlton, Reverend, friend of Negroes in New York
Chatham, Canada, colored schools of
Chavis, John, educated at Princeton; a teacher of white youths
in North Carolina
Chester, T. Morris, student at Pittsburgh
Chicago, separate schools of; disestablished
Child, M.E., teacher in Canada
Churches, aided education through Sabbath-schools
Christians not to be held as slaves
Cincinnati, colored schools of; Negroes of; sought public support
for their schools; a teacher of, excluded a colored boy from a
public school; law of
City, the influences of, on the education of Negroes; attitude of
anti-slavery societies of, toward the education of the Negroes
Clapp, Margaret, aided Myrtilla Miner in the District of Columbia; (see
note 2)
Clarkson Hall Schools of Philadelphia
Clarkson, Matthew, a supporter of the New York African Free Schools
Cleveland, C.F., Argument of, in favor of Connecticut law against
colored schools
Cleveland, colored schools of
Code Noir, referred to; (see note, 23)
Co-education of the races
Coffin, Levi, taught Negroes in North Carolina; promoted the migration
of Negroes to free soil; traveled in Canada
Coffin, Vestal, assistant of his father in North Carolina
Cogswell, James, aided the New York African Free Schools
Coker, Daniel, a teacher in Baltimore
Colbura, Zerah, a calculator who tested Thomas Fuller
Colchester, Canada, mission school at
Cole, Edward, made settlement of Negroes in Illinois
Colgan, Reverend; connected with Neau's school in New York
College of West Africa established
Colleges, Negroes not admitted; manual labor idea of; change in
attitude of
Colonization scheme, influence of, on education
Colonizationists, interest of, in the education of Negroes
Colored mechanics, prejudice against; slight increase in
Columbia, Pennsylvania, Quakers of, interested in the uplift of Negroes
Columbian Institute established in the District of Columbia
Columbus, Ohio, colored schools of
Condition of Negroes, in the eighteenth century; at the close of the
reaction
Connecticut, defeated the proposed Manual Labor College at New Haven;
spoken of as place for a colored school of the American Colonization
Society; allowed separate schools at Hartford; inadequately supported
colored schools; struggle against separate schools of;
disestablishment of separate schools of
Convention of free people of color, effort to establish a college
Convent of Oblate Sisters of Providence, educated colored girls in
academy of
Cook, John F., teacher in the District of Columbia; forced by the Snow
Riot to go to Pennsylvania
Corbin, J.C. student at Chillicothe, Ohio
Cornish, Alexander, teacher in the District of Columbia
Costin, Louisa Parke, teacher in the District of Columbia
Cox, Ann, teacher in New York African Free Schools
Coxe, Eliza J., teacher in the New York African Free Schools
Coxe, General, of Fluvanna County, Virginia, taught his slaves to read
the Bible
Coxe, R.S., a supporter of Hays's school in the District of Columbia
Crandall, Prudence, admitted colored girls to her academy; opposed by
whites; law against her enacted; arrested, imprisoned, and tried;
abandoned her school
Crane, William, erected a building for the education of Negroes in
Baltimore
Crummell, Alexander, sought admission to the academy at Canaan, New
Hampshire
Cuffee, Paul, author

D'Alone, contributor to a fund for the education of Negroes
Dartmouth, theological school of, admitted Negroes
Davies, Reverend, teacher of Negroes in Virginia
Davis, Benjamin, taught Negroes in Alexandria, Virginia
Davis, Cornelius, teacher of New York African Free Schools
Davis, Rev. Daniel, interest of, in the uplift of the people of color
Dawn, Canada, colored schools of
Dawson, Joseph, aided colored schools
Dean, Rev. Philotas, principal of Avery College
De Baptiste, Richard, student in a school at his father's home in
Fredericksburg
De Grasse, Dr. John V., educated for Liberia
Delany, M.R., attended school at Pittsburgh
Delaware, abolition Society of, provided for the education of the
Negroes; law of 1831; law of 1863
Detroit, African Baptist Church of; separate schools of
Dialogue on the enlightenment of Negroes about 1800
District of Columbia, separate schools of; churches of, contributed to
education of Negroes
Douglass, Mrs., a white teacher of Negroes in Norfolk
Douglass, Frederick, learned to read; leader and advocate of education;
author; opinion of, on vocational education; extract from paper of
Douglass, Sarah, teacher of Philadelphia
Dove, Dr., owner of Dr. James Durham
Dow, Dr. Jesse E., co-worker of Charles Middleton of the District of
Columbia
Draper, Garrison, studied law after getting education at Dartmouth; an
account of
Drew, Benjamin, note of, on Canada; found prejudice in schools of
Canada
Duncan, Benedict, taught by his father
Durham, James, a colored physician of New Orleans
Dwight, Sarah, teacher of colored girls