Rozier. The first man to go up in a balloon was Rozier, who ascended in a captive balloon to a height of about 80 feet, in the latter part of the year 1783. Later, in company with a companion, he made a voyage in a free balloon, remaining in the air about half an hour. In these balloons, the air within was kept hot by means of a fire carried in a pan immediately below the mouth of the bag, as shown in Fig. 4. Accidents were numerous on account of the fabric becoming ignited from the fire in the pan.
Fig. 4. Rozier Hot-Air Balloon
Improvements by Charles. The physicist, Charles, was working along these lines at the same time. He coated his balloon with a rubber solution to close up the pores, and was thereby enabled to substitute hydrogen for the hot air. Shortly after the Montgolfiers’ first public exhibition, Charles sent up his balloon for the benefit of the Academie des Sciences in Paris. The balloon, which weighed about 19 pounds, ascended rapidly in the air and disappeared in the clouds, where it burst and fell in a suburb of the city. The impression produced upon the peasants at seeing it fall from the heavens was hardly different from what could be expected. They believed it to be of devilish origin, and immediately tore it into shreds. Charles subsequently built a large balloon quite similar to those in use today. A net was used to support the basket, and a valve, operated by means of ropes from the basket, was arranged at the top to permit the gas to escape as desired.
The Balloon Successful. The English Channel was first crossed in 1785. Blanchard, an Englishman, and Jeffries, an American, started from Dover on January 7 in a balloon equipped with wings and oars. After a very hazardous voyage, during which they had to cast overboard everything movable to keep from drowning, they landed in triumph on the French coast.
An attempt to duplicate this feat was made shortly afterward by Rozier. He constructed a balloon filled with hydrogen, below which hung a receiver in which air could be heated. He hoped to replace by the hot air the losses due to leakage of hydrogen. Soon after the start the balloon exploded, due to the escaping gas reaching the fire, and Rozier and his companion were dashed on the cliffs and killed.
EARLY DIRIGIBLES
Meusnier the Pioneer. The fact that the invention of the dirigible balloon and means of navigating it were almost simultaneous is very little known today and much less appreciated. Like the aeroplane, its development was very much retarded by the lack of suitable means of propulsion, and the actual history of what has been accomplished in this field dates back only to the initial circular flight of La France in 1885. Still the principles upon which success has been achieved were laid down within a year of the appearance of Montgolfier’s first gas bag. Lieutenant Meusnier, who subsequently became a general in the French army, must really be credited with being the true inventor of aerial navigation. At a time when nothing whatever was known of the science, Meusnier had the distinction of elaborating at one stroke all the laws governing the stability of an airship, and calculating correctly the conditions of equilibrium for an elongated balloon, after having strikingly demonstrated the necessity for this elongation. This was in 1781 and Meusnier’s designs and calculations are still preserved in the engineering section of the French War Office in the form of drawings and tables.
But as often proved to be the case in other fields of research, his efforts went unheeded. How marvelous the establishment of these numerous principles by one man in a short time really is, can be appreciated only by noting the painfully slow process that has been necessary to again determine them, one by one, at considerable intervals and after numerous failures. Through not following the lines which he laid down, aerial navigation lost a century in futile groping about; in experiments absolutely without method or sequence.
