Dirigible Balloons

by Charles B. Hayward

Fig. 5. Meusnier Dirigible Balloon

Meusnier’s designs covered two dirigible balloons and that he fully appreciated the necessity for size is shown by the dimensions of the larger, which unfortunately was never built. This was to be 260 feet long by 130 feet in diameter, in the form of an ellipse, the elongation being exactly twice the diameter. In other words, a perfect ellipsoid, which was a logical and, in fact, the most perfect development of the spherical form. Although increased knowledge of wind resistance and the importance of the part it plays has proved his relative dimensions to be faulty, a study of the principal features of his machine shows that he anticipated the present-day dirigible of the most successful type at practically every point, barring, of course, the motive power, as there was absolutely nothing available in that day except human effort. As the latter weighs more than one-half ton per horse-power, it goes without saying that Meusnier’s balloon would have been dirigible only in a dead calm.

He adopted the elongated form, conceived the girth fastening, the triangular or indeformable suspension, the air balloonet and its pumps, and the screw propeller, all of which are to be found in the dirigibles of present-day French construction, Fig. 5. It need scarcely be added that the French have not only devoted a greater amount of time and effort to the development of the dirigible than any other nation, but have also met with the greatest success in its use. It was not until 1886, or more than a century after Meusnier had first elaborated those principles, that their value became known. They were set forth by Lieutenant Letourne, of the French engineers, in a paper presented to the Academie des Sciences by General Perrier.

In one form or another, the salient features of Meusnier’s dirigible will be found embodied in the majority of attempts of later days. His large airship was designed to consist of double envelope, the outer container of which was to provide the strength necessary, and it was accordingly reinforced by bands. The inner envelope was to provide the container for the gas and was not called upon to support any weight. This inner bag or balloon proper was designed to be only partially inflated and the space between, the two was to be occupied by air which could be forced into it at two points at either end, by pumps, so as to maintain the pressure on the gas bag uniform regardless of the expansion or contraction of its contents. Here in principle was the air balloonet of today. Instead of employing a net to hang the car from the outer envelope, the former was attached by means of a triangular suspension system fastened to a heavy rope band, or girth, encircling the outer envelope. At the three points where the lifting rope members met, a shaft running the length of the car and carrying what Meusnier described as "revolving oars" was installed. These constituted the prototype of the screw propeller, invented for aerial navigation at a time long antedating the use of steam for marine use. Thus he devised: (1) The air balloonet to husband the gas supply and thus prevent the deformation of the outer container or support, as well as to provide stability; (2) the triangular suspension to attain longitudinal stability; and (3) the screw propeller for propulsion, beside selecting the proper location for the latter.

PROBLEMS OF THE DIRIGIBLE

Ability to Float. If ability to rise in the air depended merely upon a knowledge of the principle that made it possible, it undoubtedly would have been accomplished many centuries ago. As already mentioned, Archimedes established the fact that a body upon floating in a fluid displaces an amount of the latter equal in weight to the body itself, and upon this theory was formulated the now well-known law, that every body plunged into a fluid is subjected by this fluid to a pressure from below, equivalent to the weight of the fluid displaced by the body. Consequently, if the weight of the latter be less than that of the fluid it displaces, the body will float. It is by reason of this that the iron ship floats and the fish swims in water. If the weight of the body and the displaced water be the same, the body will remain in equilibrium in the water at a certain level, and if that of the body be greater, it will sink. All three of these factors are found in the fish, which, with the aid of its natatory gland, can rise to the surface, sink to the bottom, or remain suspended at different levels. To accomplish these changes of specific gravity, the fish fills this gland with air, dilating it until full, or compressing and emptying it. In this we find a perfect analogy to the air balloonet of the dirigible, which serves the same purposes. The method by which lifting power is obtained in the dirigible is exactly the same as in the case of the balloon.

But once in the air, a balloon is, to all intents and purposes, a part of the atmosphere. There is absolutely no sensation of movement, either vertically or horizontally. The earth appears to drop away from beneath and to sweep by horizontally, and regardless of how violently the wind may be blowing, the balloon is always in a dead calm because it is really part of the wind itself and is traveling with it at exactly the same speed. If it were not for the loss of lifting power through the expansion and contraction of the gas, making it necessary to permit its escape in order to avoid rising to inconvenient heights on a very warm day, and the sacrifice of ballast to prevent coming to earth at night, the ability of a balloon to stay up would be limited only by the endurance of its crew and the quantity of provisions it was able to transport. As the use of air balloonets in the dirigible takes care of this, the question of lifting power presents no particular difficulty. It is only a matter of providing sufficient gas to support the increased weight of the car, motor and its accessories, and the crew of the larger vessel, with a factor of safety to allow for emergencies, in order to permit of staying in the air long enough to make a protracted voyage.

Air Resistance vs. Speed. Unless a voyage is to be governed in its direction entirely by the wind, the dirigible must possess a means of moving contrary to the latter. The moment this is attempted, resistance is encountered, and it is this resistance of the air that is responsible for the chief difficulties in the design of the dirigible. To drive it against the wind, it must have power; to support the weight of the motor necessary, the size of the gas bag must be increased. But with the increase in size, the amount of resistance is greatly multiplied and the power to force it through the air must be increased correspondingly. The law is approximately as follows:

Where the surface moves in a line perpendicular to its plane, the resistance is proportional to the extent of the surface, to the square of the speed with which the surface is moved through the air, and to a coefficient, the mean value of which is 0.125.

This coefficient is a doubtful factor, the figure given having been worked out years ago in connection with the propulsion of sailing vessels. Its value varies according to later experimenters between .08 and .16, the mean of the more recent investigations of Renard, Eiffel, and others who have devoted considerable study to the matter, being .08. This is dwelt upon more in detail under "Aerodynamics" and it will be noted that the values of the coefficient K, given here, do not agree with those stated in that article. They serve, however, to illustrate the principles in question.