The Fundamentals of Bacteriology

by Charles Bradfield Morrey

TABLE I.

A NUMERICAL SYSTEM OF RECORDING THE SALIENT CHARACTERS OF AN ORGANISM. (GROUP NUMBER.)

100.0000000	Endospores produced
200.0000000	Endospores not produced
10.0000000	Aërobic (strict)
20.0000000	Facultative anaërobic
30.0000000	Anaërobic (strict)
1.0000000	Gelatin liquefied
2.0000000	Gelatin not liquefied
0.1000000	Acid and gas from dextrose
0.2000000	Acid without gas from dextrose
0.3000000	No acid from dextrose
0.4000000	No growth with dextrose
0.0100000	Acid and gas from lactose
0.0200000	Acid without gas from lactose
0.0300000	No acid from lactose
0.0400000	No growth with lactose
0.0010000	Acid and gas from saccharose
0.0020000	Acid without gas from saccharose
0.0030000	No acid from saccharose
0.0040000	No growth with saccharose
0.0001000	Nitrates reduced with evolution of gas
0.0002000	Nitrates not reduced
0.0003000	Nitrates reduced without gas formation
0.0000100	Fluorescent
0.0000200	Violet chromogens
0.0000300	Blue chromogens
0.0000400	Green chromogens
0.0000500	Yellow chromogens
0.0000600	Orange chromogens
0.0000700	Red chromogens
0.0000800	Brown chromogens
0.0000900	Pink chromogens
0.0000000	Non-chromogenics
0.0000010	Diastasic action on potato starch, strong
0.0000020	Diastasic action on potato starch, feeble
0.0000030	Diastasic action on potato starch, absent
0.0000001	Acid and gas from glycerin
0.0000002	Acid without gas from glycerin
0.0000003	No acid from glycerin
0.0000004	No growth with glycerin

The genus according to the system of Migula is given its proper symbol which precedes the number thus:[(7)]

Bacillus coli (Esch.) Mig.	becomes B.	222.111102
Bacillus alcaligenes Petr.	becomes B.	212.333102
Pseudomonas campestris (Pam.) Sm.	becomes Ps.	211.333151
Bacterium suicida Mig.	becomes Bact.	222.232103

Source..................................... Date of Isolation.................... Name..................................... Group No.[(1)]...............

DETAILED FEATURES.

NOTE—Underscore required terms. Observe [notes] and [glossary of terms] on opposite side of card.

• I. MORPHOLOGY[(2)]
  • 1. Vegetative Cells,
    • Medium used............................. temp....................age.................days
    • Form, round, short rods, long rods, short chains, long chains, filaments, commas, short spirals, long spirals, clostridium, cuneate, clavate, curved.
    • Limits of Size.............................
    • Size of Majority.............................
    • Ends, rounded, truncate, concave.
    • Agar Hanging-block
    • Orientation (grouping)...............
    • Chains (No. of elements)...............
    • Short chains, long chains
    • Orientation of chains, parallel, irregular.
  • 2. Sporangia,
    • medium used............................. temp....................age....................days
    • Form, elliptical, short rods, spindled, clavate, drumsticks.
    • Limits of Size.............................
    • Size of Majority.............................
    • Agar Hanging-block
    • Orientation (grouping)...............
    • Chains (No. of elements)...............
    • Orientation of chains, parallel, irregular.
    • Location of Endospores, central, polar.
  • 3. Endospores.
    • Form, round, elliptical, elongated.
    • Limits of Size.............................
    • Size of Majority.............................
    • Wall, thick, thin.
    • Sporangium wall, adherent, not adherent.
    • Germination, equatorial, oblique, polar, bipolar, by stretching.
  • 4. Flagella, No...............Attachment polar, bipolar, peritrichiate. How Stained...............
  • 5. Capsules, present on...............
  • 6. Zooglea, Pseudozooglea.
  • 7. Involution Forms, on............in............days at............° C.
  • 8. Staining Reactions.
    • 1:10 watery fuchsin, gentian violet, carbol-fuchsin, Loeffler’s alkaline methylene blue.
    • Special Stains.
      • Gram........................
      • Glycogen........................
      • Fat........................
      • Acid-fast........................
      • Neisser........................
• II. CULTURAL FEATURES[(3)]
  • 1. Agar Stroke.
    • Growth, invisible, scanty, moderate, abundant.
    • Form of growth, filiform, echinulate, beaded, spreading, plumose, arborescent, rhizoid.
    • Elevation of growth, flat, effuse, raised, convex.
    • Lustre, glistening, dull, cretaceous.
    • Topography, smooth, contoured, rugose, verrucose.
    • Optical characters, opaque, translucent, opalescent, iridescent.
    • Chromogenesis[(3)]........................
    • Odor, absent, decided, resembling........................
    • Consistency, slimy, butyrous, viscid, membranous, coriaceous, brittle.
    • Medium grayed, browned, reddened, blued, greened.
  • 2. Potato.
    • Growth scanty, moderate, abundant, transient, persistent.
    • Form of growth, filiform, echinulate, beaded, spreading, plumose, arborescent, rhizoid.
    • Elevation of growth, flat, effuse, raised, convex.
    • Lustre, glistening, dull, cretaceous.
    • Topography, smooth, contoured, rugose, verrucose.
    • Chromogenesis[(3)]........................Pigment in water insoluble, soluble: other solvents................................................
    • Odor, absent, decided, resembling........................
    • Consistency, slimy, butyrous, viscid, membranous, coriaceous, brittle.
    • Medium, grayed, browned, reddened, blued, greened.
  • 3. Loeffler’s Blood-serum.
    • Stroke invisible, scanty, moderate, abundant.
    • Form of growth, filiform, echinulate, beaded, spreading, plumose, arborescent, rhizoid.
    • Elevation of growth, flat, effuse, raised, convex.
    • Lustre, glistening, dull, cretaceous.
    • Topography, smooth, contoured, rugose, verrucose.
    • Chromogenesis[(3)]..........................
    • Medium grayed, browned, reddened, blued, greened.
    • Liquefaction begins in...............d, complete in...............d,
  • 4. Agar Stab.
    • Growth uniform, best at top, best at bottom: surface growth scanty, abundant: restricted, wide-spread.
    • Line of puncture, filiform, beaded, papillate, villous, plumose, arborescent: liquefaction.
  • 5. Gelatin Stab.
    • Growth uniform, best at top, best at bottom.
    • Line of puncture, filiform, beaded, papillate, villous, plumose, arborescent.
    • Liquefaction crateriform, napiform, infundibuliform, saccate, stratiform: begins in...............d. complete in...............d
    • Medium fluorescent, browned...............
  • 6. Nutrient Broth.
    • Surface growth, ring, pellicle, flocculent, membranous, none.
    • Clouding slight, moderate, strong: transient, persistent: none: fluid turbid.
    • Odor, absent, decided, resembling..................
    • Sediment, compact, flocculent, granular, flaky, viscid on agitation, abundant, scant.
  • 7. Milk.
    • Clearing without coagulation.
    • Coagulation prompt, delayed, absent.
    • Extrusion of whey begins in................days.
    • Coagulum slowly peptonized, rapidly peptonized.
    • Peptonization begins on...............d, complete on...............d.
    • Reaction, 1d......, 2d......, 4d......, 10d......, 20d......
    • Consistency, slimy, viscid, unchanged.
    • Medium browned, reddened, blued, greened.
    • Lab ferment, present, absent.
  • 8. Litmus Milk.
    • Acid, alkaline, acid then alkaline, no change.
    • Prompt reduction, no reduction, partial slow reduction.
  • 9. Gelatin Colonies.
    • Growth slow, rapid.
    • Form, punctiform, round, irregular, ameboid, mycelioid, filamentous, rhizoid.
    • Elevation, flat, effuse, raised, convex, pulvinate, crateriform (liquefying).
    • Edge, entire, undulate, lobate, erose, lacerate, fimbriate, filamentous, floccose, curled.
    • Liquefaction, cup, saucer, spreading.
  • 10. Agar Colonies.
    • Growth slow, rapid (temperature................)
    • Form, punctiform, round, irregular, ameboid, mycelioid, filamentous, rhizoid.
    • Surface smooth, rough, concentrically ringed, radiate, striate.
    • Elevation, flat, effuse, raised, convex, pulvinate, umbonate.
    • Edge, entire, undulate, lobate, erose, lacerate, fimbriate, floccose, curled.
    • Internal structure, amorphous, finely, coarsely granular, grumose, filamentous, floccose, curled.
  • 11. Starch Jelly.
    • Growth, scanty, copious.
    • Diastatic action, absent, feeble, profound.
    • Medium stained.......................
  • 12. Silicate Jelly (Fermi’s Solution).
    • Growth copious, scanty, absent.
    • Medium stained.......................
  • 13. Cohn’s Solution.
    • Growth copious, scanty, absent.
    • Medium fluorescent, non-fluorescent.
  • 14. Uschinsky’s Solution.
    • Growth copious, scanty, absent.
    • Fluid viscid, not viscid.
  • 15. Sodium Chloride in Bouillon.
    • Per cent. inhibiting growth........................
  • 16. Growth in Bouillon over Chloroform, unrestrained, feeble, absent.
  • 17. Nitrogen. Obtained from peptone, asparagin, glycocoll, urea, ammonia salts, nitrogen.
  • 18. Best media for long-continued growth
  • ..............................................................................................
  • 19. Quick tests for differential purposes
  • ..............................................................................................
    ..........................................................................................
• III. PHYSICAL AND BIOCHEMICAL FEATURES.
  • 1. Fermentation-tubes containing peptone-water or sugar-tree bouillon and
  • Dextrose
  • Saccharose
    • Reduced, not reduced.
    • Presence of nitrites..................ammonia..................
    • Presence of nitrates..................free nitrogen..................
  • Lactose
  • Maltose
    • Acids tested..................
  • Glycerin
  • Mannit
  • Gas production, in per cent.
  • (H/CO₂)
    • Thermal death-point (10
    • minutes’ exposure in nutrient broth when this is adapted to growth of organism)..........C.
    • Optimum temperature for growth..........° C.; or best growth at 16° C., 20° C., 25° C., 30° C., 37° C., 40° C., 50° C., 60° C.
    • Maximum temperature for growth..........° C.
    • Minimum temperature for growth..........° C.
  • Growth in closed arm
  • Amount of acid produced 1d.
  • Amount of acid produced 2d.
    • Per cent. killed................
  • Amount of acid produced 3d.
  • 2. Ammonia production, feeble, moderate, strong, absent, masked by acids.
  • 3. Nitrates in nitrate broth.
  • 4. Indol production, feeble, moderate, strong.
  • 5. Toleration of Acids, great, medium, slight.
  • 6. Toleration of NaOH, great, medium, slight.
  • 7. Optimum reaction for growth in bouillon, stated in terms of Fuller’s scale..........................
  • 8. Vitality on culture media, brief, moderate, long.
  • 9. Temperature relations.
  • 10. Killed readily by drying: resistant to drying.
  • 11. Per cent. killed by freezing (salt and crushed ice or liquid air)................
  • 12. Sunlight: Exposure on ice in thinly sown agar plates; one-half plate covered (time 15 minutes), sensitive, not sensitive.
  • 13. Acids produced................
  • 14. Alkalies produced................
  • 15. Alcohols................
  • 16. Ferments, pepsin, trypsin, diastase, invertase, pectase, cytase, tyrosinase, oxidase, peroxidase, lipase, catalase, glucase, galactase, lab, etc.........................
  • 17. Crystals formed:.........
  • 18. Effect of germicides:
  • Substance
  • Method used
  • Minutes
  • Temperature
  • Killing quantity
  • Amt. required to restrain growth
• IV. PATHOGENICITY.
  • 1. Pathogenic to Animals.
    • Insects, crustaceans, fishes, reptiles, birds, mice, rats, guinea-pigs, rabbits, dogs, cats, sheep, goats, cattle, horses, monkeys, man..........................
  • 2. Pathogenic to Plants:
  • .............................................................
    .........................................................
    .........................................................
  • 3. Toxins, soluble, endotoxins.
  • 4. Non-toxin forming.
  • 5. Immunity bactericidal.
  • 6. Immunity non-bactericidal.
  • 7. Loss of virulence on culture-media: prompt, gradual, not observed in.....................months.

Agar Hanging-block	Orientation (grouping)...............
	Chains (No. of elements)...............
	Short chains, long chains
	Orientation of chains, parallel, irregular.