The London bills, which are the only continuous series of figures, show the following annual mortalities by smallpox from 1761 to the end of the century:

Smallpox Mortality in London, 1761-1800.

Year Smallpox
deaths
All
deaths
1761 1,525 21,063
1762 2,743 26,326
1763 3,582 26,148
1764 2,382 23,202
1765 2,498 23,230
1766 2,334 23,911
1767 2,188 22,612
1768 3,028 23,639
1769 1,968 21,847
1770 1,986 22,434
1771 1,660 21,780
1772 3,992 26,053
1773 1,039 21,656
1774 2,479 20,884
1775 2,669 20,514
1776 1,728 19,048
1777 2,567 23,334
1778 1,425 20,399
1779 2,493 20,420
1780 871 20,517
1781 3,500 20,709
1782 636 17,918
1783 1,550 19,029
1784 1,759 17,828
1785 1,999 18,919
1786 1,210 20,454
1787 2,418 19,349
1788 1,101 19,697
1789 2,077 20,749
1790 1,617 18,038
1791 1,747 18,760
1792 1,568 20,213
1793 2,382 21,749
1794 1,913 19,241
1795 1,040 21,179
1796 3,548 19,288
1797 522 17,014
1798 2,237 18,155
1799 1,111 18,134
1800 2,409 23,068

The last twenty years of the century show a decrease in the annual averages of smallpox deaths, along with a decrease of deaths from all causes. The health of the capital had undoubtedly improved since the reign of George II., especially in the saving of infant life. But it is not worth while instituting a statistical comparison, for the reason that some large parishes, containing poor and unwholesome quarters, had become populous in the latter part of the century, but were not included in the bills, while some of the old parishes, including those of the City, were probably become less populous owing to the conversion of dwelling-houses into business premises of various kinds. The decrease of fever-deaths in the bills is closely parallel with the decrease of smallpox, and it is probable that both were real; but as there is an element of uncertainty in the data it would be unprofitable to abstract statistical ratios from them, or to aim at demonstrating numerically what can only be in a measure probable. Perhaps the safest generality from these London figures is that smallpox once more fluctuates a good deal from year to year, seldom, indeed, falling below a thousand deaths, but showing a considerable drop for several years after some greater epidemic, as in the earlier history. This becomes most obvious by exhibiting the mortality in a graphic tracing.

Manchester, which was a healthier place than the capital, having an excess of births over deaths, had a smallpox mortality for six successive years, 1769-1774, as follows, the population, exclusive of Salford, having been 22,481 by a careful survey in 1773[1019]:

Smallpox Deaths in Manchester.

Year All
deaths
Smallpox
deaths
1769 549 74
1770 689 41
1771 678 182
1772 608 66
1773 648 139
1774 635 87
3,807 589

Between a seventh and a sixth part of all the deaths in Manchester (15·3 per cent.) were from smallpox. All but one were under the age of ten years:

All deaths
by smallpox
Under
One year
One to
Two
Two to
Three
Three to
Five
Five to
Ten
Ten to
Twenty
589 140 216 110 93 29 1

Manchester was one of the towns that had smallpox continuously from year to year at this period. It had a rapidly growing population, and an excess of births over deaths which was in great part due to the very large number of new families settling in it. It was probably this rapid increase of children that explained the great height of the smallpox mortality in 1781, namely, 344, rising from three deaths in January and falling to thirteen in December, the maximum being in the third quarter of the year[1020].