The Variation of Animals and Plants under Domestication

by Charles Darwin

RABBITS, domestic, their origin, [4];
—of Mount Sinai and Algeria, [4];
—breeds of, [4];
—Himalayan, Chinese, Polish, or Russian, [4], [15];
—feral, [4];
—of Jamaica, [4];
—of the Falkland Islands, [4];
—of Porto Santo, [4], [16], [23];
—osteological characters of, [4];
—discussion of modifications in, [4], [5];
—one-eared, transmission of peculiarity of, [12];
—reversion in feral, [13];
—in the Himalayan, [13];
—crossing of white and coloured Angora, [15];
—comparative fertility of wild and tame, [16];
—falsified experiments in interbreeding of, [17];
—high-bred, often bad breeders, [17];
—selection of, [20];
—white, liable to destruction, [21];
—effects of disuse of parts in, [24];
—skull of, affected by drooping ears, [24];
—length of intestines in, [24];
—correlation of ears and skull in, [25] (2);
—variations in skull of, [26];
—periosteum of a dog producing bone in, [27].
RACEHORSE, origin of, [2].
RACES, modification and formation of, by crossing, [3];
—natural and artificial, [21];
—Pouchet’s views on plurality of, [Introduction];
—of pigeons, [6].
RADCLYFFE, W. F., effect of climate and soil on strawberries, [10];
—constitutional differences in roses, [10].
RADISHES, [9];
—crossing of, [15];
—varieties of, [21].
RADLKOFER, retrogressive metamorphosis in mosses and algæ, [27].
RAFARIN, M., bud-variation and reversion, [11].
RAFFLES, Sir STAMFORD, on the crossing of Javanese cattle with Bos sondaicus, [20].
RAM, goat-like, from the Cape of Good Hope, [14].
RAMU, M., on appendages to throat of goat, [3].
RANCHIN, heredity of diseases, [12].
RANGE of gallinaceous birds on the Himalaya, [7].
RANKE, on the effects of use and disuse of organs, [24].
Ranunculus ficaria, [18].
Ranunculus repens, [18].
RAPE, [9].
Raphanus caudatus, [9].
Raphanus raphanistrum, [9].
Raphanus sativus, [26].
RASPBERRY, yellow-fruited, [21].
RATTLESNAKE, experiments with poison of the, [23].
RAVEN, stomach of, affected by vegetable diet, [24].
RAWSON, A., self-impotence in hybrids of Gladiolus, [17] (2).
RÉ, COMTE, on the assumption of a yellow colour by all varieties of maize, [9].
RÉAUMUR, effect of confinement upon the cock, [13];
—fertility of fowls in most climates, [18].
REED, Mr., atrophy of the limbs of rabbits, consequent on the destruction of their nerves, [24].
REGENERATION of amputated parts in man, [12];
—in the human embryo, [27];
—in the lower vertebrata, insects, and myriapoda, [27].
RE-GROWTH of amputated joints, [27].
REGNIER, early cultivation of the cabbage by the Celts, [9];
—selection practised by the Celts, [20].
REINDEER, individuals recognised by the Laplanders, [22].
REISSEK, experiments in crossing Cytisus purpureus and laburnum, [11];
—modification of a Thesium by Œcidium, [23].
RELATIONS, characters of reproduced in children, [13].
RENGGER, occurrence of jaguars with crooked legs in Paraguay, [1];
—naked dogs of Paraguay, [1] (2), [15], [16];
—feral dogs of La Plata, [1];
—on the aguara, [1];
—cats of Paraguay, [1], [15], [18];
—dogs of Paraguay, [15];
—feral pigs of Buenos Ayres, [3];
—on the refusal of wild animals to breed in captivity, [18];
—on Dicotyles labiatus, [18];
—sterility of plantigrade carnivora in captivity, [18];
—on Cavia aperea, [18];
—sterility of Cebus azarae in captivity, [18];
—abortions produced by wild animals in captivity, [18].
REPRODUCTION, sexual and asexual, contrasted, [27];
—unity of forms of, [27];
—antagonism of, to growth, [27].
Reseda odorata, self-sterility of, [17], [21].
RETINITIS, pigmentary, in deaf-mutes, [25].
REUTER, Herr, potato-grafting, [11].
REVERSION, [13] (2), [27] (4);
—in pigeons, [13];
—in cattle, [13];
—in sheep, [13];
—in fowls, [13];
—in the heartsease, [13];
—in vegetables, [13];
—in feral animals and plants, [13];
—to characters derived from a previous cross in man, dogs, pigeons, pigs, and fowls, [13];
—in hybrids, [13];
—by bud-propagation in plants, [13];
—by age in fowls, cattle, etc., [13] (2);
—partial, from an injury, [13];
—caused by crossing, [13];
—explained by latent characters, [13];
—producing monstrosities, [13];
—producing peloric flowers, [13];
—of feral pigs to the wild type, [3] (2);
—of supposed feral rabbits to the wild type, [4] (3);
—of pigeons, in coloration, when crossed, [6];
—in fowls, [7];
—in the silkworm, [8];
—in the pansy, [10];
—in a pelargonium, [11];
—in Chrysanthemums, [11];
—of varieties of the China rose in St. Domingo, [11];
—by buds in pinks and carnations, [11];
—of laciniated varieties of trees to the normal form, [11];
—in variegated leaves of plants, [11];
—in tulips, [11];
—of suckers of the seedless barberry to the common form, [11];
—by buds in hybrids of Tropæolum, [11];
—in plants, [11];
—of crossed peloric snapdragons, [14];
—analogous variations due to, [26].
RHINOCEROS, breeding in captivity in India, [18].
Rhododendron, hybrid, [22].
Rhododendron ciliatum, [23].
Rhododendron dalhousiæ, effect of pollen of R. nuttallii upon, [11].
Ribes grossularia, [10] (2).
Ribes rubrum, [11].
RIBS, number and characters of, in fowls, [7];
—characters of, in ducks, [8] (2).
RICE, imperial, of China, [20];
—Indian varieties of, [22];
—variety of, not requiring water, [24].
RICHARDSON, H. D., on jaw-appendages in Irish pigs, [3];
—management of pigs in China, [3];
—occurrence of striped young in Westphalian pigs, [3];
—on crossing pigs, [15];
—on interbreeding pigs, [17];
—on selection in pigs, [20].
RICHARDSON, Sir John, observations on the resemblance between North American dogs and wolves, [1] (2);
—on the burrowing of wolves, [1];
—on the broad feet of dogs, wolves, and foxes in North America, [1];
—on North American horses scraping away the snow, [2].
Ricinus, annual in England, [24].
RIEDEL, Dr., on the “Bagadotte” pigeon, [5];
—on the Jacobin pigeon, [5];
—fertility of hybrid pigeons, [6];
—circumcision, [12].
RILEY, on Phylloxera, [10].
RINDERPEST, [27].
RINTOUL, Mr., potato-grafting, [11].
RISSO, on varieties of the orange, [10], [24], [25].
RIVERS, Lord, on the selection of greyhounds, [21].
RIVERS, Mr., persistency of characters in seedling potatoes, [9];
—on the peach, [10] (2);
—persistency of races in the peach and nectarine, [10] (2);
—connection between the peach and the nectarine, [10];
—persistency of character in seedling apricots, [10];
—origin of the plum, [10];
—seedling varieties of the plum, [10];
—persistency of character in seedling plums, [10];
—bud-variation in the plum, [11];
—plum attacked by bullfinches, [21];
—seedling apples with surface-roots, [10];
—variety of the apple found in a wood, [22];
—on roses, [10] (2);
—bud-variation in roses, [11];
—production of Provence roses from seeds of the moss-rose, [11];
—effect produced by grafting on the stock in jessamine, [11];
—in the ash, [11];
—on grafted hazels, [11];
—hybridisation of a weeping thorn, [12];
—experiments with the seed of the weeping elm and ash, [12];
—variety of the cherry with curled petals, [21].
RIVIÈRE, reproduction of Oncidium cavendishianum, [17].
ROBERTS, Mr., on inheritance in the horse, [12].
ROBERTSON, Mr., on glandular-leaved peaches, [10].
ROBINET, on the silkworm, [8], [20].
Robinia, [23].
ROBSON, Mr., deficiencies of half-bred horses, [12].
ROBSON, Mr., on the advantage of change of soil to plants, [18] (2);
—on the growth of the verbena, [23];
—on broccoli, [24].
ROCK pigeon, measurements of the, [5];
—figured, [5].
RODENTS, sterility of, in captivity, [18].
Rodriguezia, [17] (2).
RODWELL, J., poisoning of horses by mildewed tares, [25].
ROHILCUND, feral humped cattle in, [3].
ROLLE, F., on the history of the peach, [24].
ROLLER-PIGEONS, Dutch, [5].
ROLLESTON, Prof., inherited effects of injuries, [12];
—incisor teeth affected in form in cases of pulmonary tubercle, [25].
ROMANES on sternum of the fowl, [7];
—rudimentary organs, [24].
ROMANS, estimation of pigeons by, [6];
—breeds of fowls possessed by, [7] (2).
ROOKS, pied, [14].
Rosa, cultivated species of, [10].
Rosa devoniensis, graft-hybrid produced by, on the white Banksian rose, [11].
Rosa indica and centifolia, fertile hybrids of, [10].
Rosa spinosissima, history of the culture of, [10].
ROSELLINI, on Egyptian dogs, [1].
ROSES, [10] (2);
—origin of, [10];
—bud-variation in, [11];
—Scotch, doubled by selection, [20];
—continuous variation of, [21];
—effect of seasonal conditions on, [23];
—noisette, [20];
—galls of, [23].
ROSS, Dr., on Pangenesis, [27] (2).
ROUENNAIS, rabbit, [4].
ROUJOU, polydactylism, and arrested development, [12].
ROULIN, on the dogs of Juan Fernandez, [1];
—on South American cats, [1];
—striped young pigs, [3];
—feral pigs in South America, [3], [13];
—on Columbian cattle, [3], [20], [21];
—effects of heat on the hides of cattle in South America, [3];
—fleece of sheep in the hot valleys of the Cordilleras, [3];
—diminished fertility of these sheep, [18];
—on black-boned South American fowls, [7];
—variation of the guinea-fowl in tropical America, [8];
—frequency of striped legs in mules, [13];
—geese in Bogota, [18];
—sterility of fowls introduced into Bolivia, [18].
ROY, M., on a variety of Magnolia grandiflora, [24].
ROYLE, Dr., Indian varieties of the mulberry, [10];
—on Agave vivipara, [18];
—variety of rice not requiring irrigation, [24];
—sheep from the Cape in India, [24].
Rubus, pollen of, [22].
RUDIMENTARY organs, [1], [24].
RUFZ DE LAVISON, extinction of breeds of dogs in France, [28].
RUMINANTS, general fertility of, in captivity, [18].
RUMPLESS fowls, [7].
RUNTS, [5];
—history of, [6];
—lower jaws and skull figured, [5].
RUSSELL, Lord A., spiegelcarpe, [21].
RUSSIAN or Himalayan rabbit, [4].
RUTIMEYER, Prof., dogs of the Neolithic period, [1];
—horses of Swiss lake-dwellings, [2];
—diversity of early domesticated horses, [2];
—pigs of the Swiss lake-dwellings, [3] (2);
—on humped cattle, [3];
—parentage of European breeds of cattle, [3], [28];
—on “Niata” cattle, [3];
—sheep of the Swiss lake-dwellings, [3], [28];
—goats of the Swiss lake-dwellings, [3];
—absence of fowls in the Swiss lake-dwellings, [7];
—on crossing cattle, [15];
—differences in the bones of wild and domesticated animals, [23];
—decrease in size of wild European animals, [28].
RYE, wild, De Candolle’s observations on, [9];
—found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, [9];
—common, preferred by hares and rabbits, [21];
—less variable than other cultivated plants, [22].

SABINE, Mr., on the cultivation of Rosa spinosissima, [10];
—on the cultivation of the dahlia, [10] (2), [22];
—effect of foreign pollen on the seed-vessel in Amaryllis vittata, [11].
ST. ANGE, influence of the pelvis on the shape of the kidneys in birds, [26].
ST. DOMINGO, wild dogs of, [1];
—bud-variation of dahlias in, [11].
ST. HILAIRE, AUG., milk furnished by cows in South America, [24];
—husked form of maize, [9].
ST. JOHN, C., feral cats in Scotland, [1];
—taming of wild ducks, [8].
ST. VALÉRY apple, singular structure of the, [10];
—artificial fecundation of the, [11].
ST. VITUS’ Dance, period of appearance of, [14].
SACHS, Prof., flow of sap, [24].
SAGERET, origin and varieties of the cherry, [10] (2);
—origin of varieties of the apple, [10];
—incapacity of the cucumber for crossing with other species, [10];
—varieties of the melon, [10];
—supposed twin-mongrel melon, [11];
—crossing melons, [16], [17];
—on gourds, [16];
—effects of selection in enlarging fruit, [20];
—on the tendency to depart from type, [21];
—variation of plants in particular soils, [23].
SALAMANDER, experiments on the, [24], [27] (2);
—regeneration of lost parts in the, [27].
Salamandra cristata, polydactylism in, [12].
SALISBURY, Mr., on the production of nectarines by peach-trees, [10];
—on the dahlia, [10] (2).
Salix, intercrossing of species of, [10].
Salix humilis, galls of, [23] (2).
SALLÉ, feral guinea-fowl in St. Domingo, [8].
SALMON, early breeding of male, [27].
SALTER, Mr., on bud-variation in pelargoniums, [11];
—in the Chrysanthemum, [11];
—transmission of variegated leaves by seed, [11];
—bud-variation by suckers in Phlox, [11];
—application of selection to bud-varieties of plants, [11];
—accumulative effect of changed conditions of life, [22];
—on the variegation of strawberry leaves, [23];
—on pollen within ovules, [27].
SALTER, S. J., hybrids of Gallus sonneratii and the common fowl, [7];
—crossing of races or species of rats, [15].
SALVIN, habits of the jackal, [1];
—mutilation inherited in mot-mot, [12].
SAMESREUTHER, on inheritance in cattle, [12].
SANDFORD. See DAWKINS.
SANSON, M., origin of the horse, [2];
—lumbar vertebra of pigs, [3].
SAP, ascent of the, [24].
Saponaria calabrica, [12].
SAPORTA, on Pistacia, [11].
SARDINIA, ponies of, [2].
SARS, on the development of the hydroida, [27].
SATIATION of the stigma, [11] (2).
Saturnia pyri, sterility of, in confinement, [18].
SAUL, on the management of prize gooseberries, [10].
SAUVIGNY, varieties of the gold-fish, [8].
SAVAGES, their indiscriminate use of plants as food, [9];
—fondness of, for taming animals, [18].
SAVI, effect of foreign pollen on maize, [11].
Saxifraga geum, [18].
SAYZID MOHAMMED MUSARI, on carrier-pigeons, [5];
—on a pigeon which utters the sound “Yahu,” [5].
SCANDEROONS (pigeons), [5] (2).
SCANIA, remains of Bos frontosus found in, [3].
SCAPULA, characters of, in rabbits, [4];
—in fowls, [7];
—in pigeons, [5];
—alteration of, by disuse, in pigeons, [5].
SCARLET fever, [23].
SCHAAFFHAUSEN on the horses represented in Greek statues, [20].
SCHLEIDEN, excess of nourishment a cause of variability, [22].
SCHMERLING, Dr., varieties of the dog found in a cave, [1].
SCHOMBURGK, Sir R., on the dogs of Indians of Guiana, [1] (2), [20];
—on the musk duck, [6];
—bud-variation in the banana, [11];
—reversion of varieties of the China rose in St. Domingo, [11];
—sterility of tame parrots in Guiana, [18];
—on Dendrocygna viduata, [18];
—selection of fowls in Guiana, [20].
SCHREIBERS, on Proteus, [24].
SCHÜTZE on the Torfschwein, [3].
Sciuropterus volucella, [18].
Sciurus palmarum and cinerea, [18].
SCLATER, P. L., on Asinus tæniopus, [2], [13];
—on Asinus indicus, [13];
—striped character of young wild pigs, [3];
—osteology of Gallinula nesiotis, [8];
—on the black-shouldered peacock, [8];
—animals breeding in Zoological Gardens, [18];
—birds breeding in Zoological Gardens, [18];
—on the breeding of birds in captivity, [18] (2).
SCOTCH fir, local variation of, [10].
SCOTCH kail and cabbage, cross between, [15].
SCOTT, JOHN, irregularities in the sex of the flowers of maize, [9];
—bud-variation in Imatophylium miniatum, [11];
—crossing of species of Verbascum, [16] (2);
—self-sterility of Verbascum, [17];
—experiments on crossing Primulæ, [16];
—reproduction of orchids, [17];
—fertility of Oncidium divaricatum, [18];
—acclimatisation of the sweet pea in India, [24];
—number of seeds in Acropera and Gongora, [27].
SCROPE, on the Scotch deerhound, [14], [17].
SCUDDER, Dr., on regrowth, [27].
SEBRIGHT, Sir John, effects of close interbreeding in dogs, [20];
—care taken by, in selection of fowls, [20].
Secale cereale, [22].
SEDGWICK, W., effects of crossing on the female, [11];
—on the “Porcupine man,” [12];
—on hereditary diseases, [12];
—hereditary affections of the eye, [12], [14];
—inheritance of polydactylism and anomalies of the extremities, [12] (2);
—morbid uniformity in the same family, [12];
—on deaf-mutes, [12];
—inheritance of injury to the eye, [12];
—atavism in diseases and anomalies of structure, [13];
—non-reversion to night-blindness, [13];
—sexual limitation of the transmission of peculiarities in man, [14] (2);
—on the effects of hard-drinking, [23];
—inherited baldness with deficiency of teeth, [25] (2);
—occurrence of a molar tooth in place of an incisor, [27];
—diseases occurring in alternate generations, [27].
SEDILLOT, on the removal of portions of bone, [24].
SEEDS, early selection of, [20];
—rudimentary, in grapes, [24];
—relative position of, in the capsule, [26].
SEEDS and buds, close analogies of, [11].
SEEMANN, B., crossing of the wolf and Esquimaux dogs, [1].
SEGREGATION of characters, [11] (2).
SELBY, P. J., on the bud-destroying habits of the bullfinch, [21].
SELECTION, [20];
—methodical, [6], [20], [21];
—by the ancients and semi-civilised people, [20];
—of trifling characters, [20];
—unconscious, [6] (2);
—effects of, shown by differences in most valued parts, [20];
—produced by accumulation of variability, [20];
—natural, as affecting domestic productions, [19], [21];
—as the origin of species, genera, and other groups, [28];
—circumstances favourable to, [21];
—tendency of, towards extremes, [21];
—possible limit of, [21];
—influence of time on, [21] (2);
—summary of subject, [21] (2);
—effects of, in modifying breeds of cattle, [3];
—in preserving the purity of breeds of sheep, [3] (2);
—in producing varieties of pigeons, [6];
—in breeding fowls, [7] (2);
—in the goose, [8];
—in the canary, [8];
—in the gold-fish, [8];
—in the silkworm, [8] (2);
—contrasted in cabbages and cereals, [9];
—in white mulberry, [10];
—on gooseberries, [10];
—applied to wheat, [9] (2);
—exemplified in carrots, etc., [9];
—in potato, [9];
—in the melon, [10];
—in flowering plants, [10];
—in the hyacinth, [10];
—applied to bud-varieties of plants, [11];
—illustrations of, [28].
SELECTION, sexual, [14].
SELF-IMPOTENCE in plants, [17];
—in individual plants, [17];
—of hybrids, [19].
SELWYN, Mr., on the Dingo, [1].
SELYS-LONGCHAMPS, on hybrid ducks, [6], [13], [18];
—hybrid of the hook-billed duck and Egyptian goose, [8].
SERINGE, on the St. Valéry apple, [10].
SERPENT melon, [10], [25].
SERRES, OLIVIER DE, wild poultry in Guiana, [7].
SESAMUM, white-seeded, antiquity of the, [28].
Setaria, found in the Swiss lake-dwellings, [9].
SETTEGAST, sheep poisoned by buckwheat, [25].
SETTERS, degeneration of, in India, [1];
—Youatt’s remarks on, [1].
SEX, secondary characters of, latent, [13] (2);
—of parents, influence of, on hybrids, [22].
SEXUAL characters, sometimes lost in domestication, [14].
SEXUAL limitation of characters, [14].
SEXUAL peculiarities, induced by domestication in sheep, [3];
—in fowls, [7];
—transfer of, [7].
SEXUAL variability in pigeons, [5] (2).
SEXUAL selection, [14].
SHADDOCK, [10].
SHAILER, Mr., on the moss-rose, [11].
SHAN ponies, striped, [2].
SHANGHAI fowls, [7].
SHANGHAI sheep, their fecundity, [3].
SHEEP, disputed origin of, [3];
—early domestication of, [3];
—large-tailed, [3] (2), [23];
—variations in horns, mammæ, and other characters of, [3];
—sexual characters of, induced by domestication, [3];
—adaptation of, to climate and pasture, [3] (2);
—periods of gestation of, [3];
—effect of heat on the fleece of, [3];
—effect of selection on, [3];
—“ancon” or “otter” breeds of, [3];
—“Mauchamp-merino,” [3] (2);
—cross of German and merino, [15];
—black, of the Tarentino, [21];
—Karakool, [23];
—Jaffna, with callosities on the knees, [24];
—Chinese, [24];
—Danish, of the Bronze period, [28];
—polydactylism in, [12];
—occasional production of horns in hornless breeds of, [13];
—reversion of colour in, [13];
—influence of male, on offspring, [14];
—sexual differences in, [14];
—influence of crossing or segregation on, [15] (2), [16] (2);
—interbreeding of, [17] (2);
—effect of nourishment on the fertility of, [16];
—value of, crossbred, [17];
—diminished fertility of, under certain conditions, [18];
—unconscious selection of, [20];
—natural selection in breeds of, [21] (2);
—reduction of bones in, [21];
—individual differences of, [22];
—local changes in the fleece of, in England, [23];
—partial degeneration of, in Australia, [23];
—correlation of horns and fleece in, [25];
—feeding on flesh, [24];
—acclimatisation of, [24];
—mountain, resistance of, to severe weather, [24];
—white, poisoned by Hypericum crispum, [25].
SHEEP dogs, resembling wolves, [1];
—mutilated tail inherited, [12].
SHELLS, sinistral and dextral, [13].
SHIRLEY, E. P., on the fallow-deer, [16], [17].
SHIRREFF Mr., new varieties of wheat, [9] (2);
—on crossing wheat, [16];
—variability of wheat, [11];
—continuous variation of wheat, [21].
SHORT, D., hybrids of the domestic cat and Felis ornata, [1].
SIAM, cats of, [1];
—horses of, [2].
SIBERIA, northern range of wild horses in, [2].
SICHEL, J., on the deafness of white cats with blue eyes, [25].
SIDNEY, S., on the pedigrees of pigs, [12];
—on cross-reversion in pigs, [13];
—period of gestation in the pig, [3];
—production of breeds of pigs by intercrossing, [3], [15];
—fertility of the pig, [16];
—effects of interbreeding on pigs, [17];
—on the colours of pigs, [20], [21].
SIEBOLD, on the sweet potato, [21].
SIEBOLD, CARL VON, on parthenogenesis, [27].
Silene, contabescence in, [18].
SILK FOWLS, [7], [14] (2).
SILK-MOTH, Arrindy, [24] (23);
—Tarroo, [18].
SILK-MOTHS, [8];
—domesticated, species of, [8];
—history of, [8];
—causes of modification in, [8];
—differences presented by, [8];
—crossing of, [15];
—disease in, [21];
—effects of disuse of parts in, [24];
—selection practised with, [20] (2);
—variation of, [21];
—parthenogenesis in, [27].
SILKWORMS, variations of, [8];
—yielding white cocoons, less liable to disease, [25].
SILVER-GREY rabbit, [4] (3).
SIMON, on the raising of eggs of the silk-moth in China, [20].
SIMONDS, J. B., period of maturity in various breeds of cattle, [3];
—differences in the periods of dentition in sheep, [3];
—on the teeth in cattle, sheep, etc., [25];
—on the breeding of superior rams, [20].
SIMPSON, Sir J., regenerative power of the human embryo, [27].
Siredon, breeding in the branchiferous stage, [27].
SISKIN, breeding in captivity, [18].
Sivatherium, resemblance of the, to Niata cattle, [3].
SIZE, difference of, an obstacle to crossing, [16].
SKIN, and its appendages, homologous, [25];
—hereditary affections of the, [14].
SKIRVING, R. S., on pigeons settling on trees in Egypt, [6].
SKULL, characters of the, in breeds of dogs, [1];
—in breeds of pigs, [3];
—in rabbits, [4] (2);
—in breeds of pigeons, [5] (2);
—in breeds of fowls, [7];
—in ducks, [8] (2).
SKULL and horns, correlation of the, [25].
SKYLARK, [18].
SLEEMAN, on the cheetah, [18].
SLOE, [10].
SMALL-POX, [27].
SMITER (pigeon), [5].
SMITH, Sir A., on Caffrarian cattle, [3];
—on the use of numerous plants as food in South Africa, [9].
SMITH, Colonel HAMILTON, on the odour of the jackal, [1];
—on the origin of the dog, [1];
—wild dogs in St. Domingo, [1];
—on the Thibet mastiff and the alco, [1];
—development of the fifth toe in the hind feet of mastiffs, [1];
—differences in the skull of dogs, [1];
—history of the pointer, [1];
—on the ears of the dog, [24];
—on the breeds of horses, [2];
—origin of the horse, [2];
—dappling of horses, [2];
—striped horses in Spain, [2];
—original colour of the horse, [2];
—on horses scraping away snow, [2];
—on Asinus hemionus, [13];
—feral pigs of Jamaica, [3] (2).
SMITH, Sir J. E., production of nectarines and peaches by the same tree, [10];
—on Viola amoena, [10];
—sterility of Vinca minor in England, [18].
SMITH, J., development of the ovary in Bonatea speciosa by irritation of the stigma, [11].
SMITH, N. H., influence of the bull “Favourite” on the breed of Shorthorn cattle, [14].
SMITH, W., on the intercrossing of strawberries, [10].
SNAKE-RAT, [15] (2).
SNAKES, form of the viscera in, [26].
SNAPDRAGON, bud-variation in, [11];
—non-inheritance of colour in, [12];
—peloric, crossed with the normal form, [14], [15];
—asymmetrical variation of the, [25].
SOIL, adaptation of plums to, [10];
—influence of, on the zones of pelargoniums, [10];
—on roses, [10];
—on the variegation of leaves, [11];
—advantages of change of, [18].
SOIL and climate, effects of, on strawberries, [10].
Solanum, non-intercrossing of species of, [15].
Solanum tuberosum, [9] (2), [11].
SOLID-HOOFED pigs,[3].
SOLOMON, his stud of horses, [2].
SOMERVILLE, Lord, on the fleece of Merino sheep, [3];
—on crossing sheep, [17];
—on selection of sheep, [20];
—diminished fertility of Merino sheep brought from Spain, [18].
SOOTY fowls, [7] (2).
Sorghum, [10].
SOTO, FERDINAND DE, on the cultivation of native plants in Florida, [9].
SPAIN, hawthorn monogynous in, [10].
SPALLANZANI, on feral rabbits in Lipari, [4];
—experiments on salamanders, [24], [27] (2);
—experiments in feeding a pigeon with meat, [24].
SPANIELS, in India, [1];
—King Charles’s, [1];
—degeneration of, caused by interbreeding, [17].
SPANISH fowls, [7] (3);
—figured, [7];
—early development of sexual characters in, [7];
—furculum of, figured, [7].
SPECIES, difficulty of distinguishing from varieties, [Introduction];
—conversion of varieties into, [Introduction];
—origin of, by natural selection, [28];
—by mutual sterility of varieties, [19].
SPENCER, Lord, on selection in breeding, [20].
SPENCER, HERBERT, on the “survival of the fittest,” [Introduction];
—increase of fertility by domestication, [16];
—on life, [18], [19];
—changes produced by external conditions, [23];
—effects of use on organs, [24];
—ascent of the sap in trees, [24];
—correlation exemplified in the Irish elk, [25] (2);
—on “physiological units,” [27];
—antagonism of growth and reproduction, [27].
SPERMATOPHORES of the cephalopoda, [27].
SPERMATOZOIDS, [27] (2).
SPHINGIDÆ, sterility of, in captivity, [18].
SPINOLA, on the injurious effect produced by flowering buckwheat on white pigs, [25].
SPITZ dog, [1].
SPOONER, W. C., cross-breeding of sheep, [3], [15] (2), [17];
—on the effects of crossing, [15] (2);
—on crossing cattle, [17];
—individual sterility, [18].
SPORES, reproduction of abnormal forms by, [11].
SPORTS, [11];
—in pigeons, [6].
SPOT pigeon, [5], [6].
SPRENGEL, C. K., on dichogamous plants, [15];
—on the hollyhock, [16];
—on the functions of flowers, [19].
SPROULE, Mr., transmission of hare-lip, [12].
SPURS, of fowls, [7];
—development of, in hens, [24].
SQUASHES, [10].
SQUINTING, hereditary, [12].
SQUIRRELS, generally sterile in captivity, [18].
SQUIRRELS, flying, breeding in confinement, [18].
“STAARHALSIGE Taube,” [5].
STAG, one-horned, supposed heredity of character in, [12];
—degeneracy of, in the Highlands, [20].
STAMENS, occurrence of rudimentary, [24];
—conversion of, into pistils, [10];
—into petals, [27].
Staphylea, [18].
STEENSTRUP, Prof., on the dog of the Danish Middens, [1];
—on the obliquity of flounders, [13].
STEINAN, J., on hereditary diseases, [12], [14].
STEPHENS, J. F., on the habits of the Bombycidæ, [8].
STERILITY, in dogs, consequent on close confinement, [1];
—comparative, of crosses, [16] (2);
—from changed conditions of life, [18];
—occurring in the descendants of wild animals bred in captivity, [18];
—individual, [18];
—resulting from propagation by buds, cuttings, bulbs, etc., [18];
—in hybrids, [19], [27], [28] (2);
—in specific hybrids of pigeons, [6];
—as connected with natural selection, [19].
STERNUM, characters of the, in rabbits, [4];
—in pigeons, [5] (2);
—in fowls, [7] (2);
—effects of disuse on the, [5] (2).
STEWART, H., on hereditary disease, [14].
STIGMA, variation of the, in cultivated Cucurbitaceæ, [10];
—satiation of the, [11] (2).
STOCKHOLM, fruit-trees of, [24].
STOCKS, bud-variation in, [11];
—effect of crossing upon the colour of the seed of, [11];
—true by seed, [12];
—crosses of, [15];
—varieties of, produced by selection, [20];
—reversion by the upper seeds in the pods of, [26].
STOCKTON, HOUGH, direct action of pollen, [11].
STOKES, Prof., calculation of the chance of transmission of abnormal peculiarities in man, [12].
STOLONS, variations in the production of, by strawberries, [10].
STOMACH, structure of the, affected by food, [24].
STONE in the bladder, hereditary, [12], [14].
STONEHENGE, on maturity of the dog, [1];
—inherited effects of injury, [12];
—cross between bulldog and greyhound, [15];
—close interbreeding of greyhound, [17];
—fleetness of racehorses, [21].
STORER, J., pedigree of cattle, [17].
STRAWBERRIES, [10];
—remarkable varieties of, [10] (2);
—hautbois diœcious, [10];
—selection in, [20];
—probable further modification of, [6];
—variegated, effects of soil on, [23].
STRICKLAND, A., on the domestication of Anser ferus, [8];
—on the colour of the bill and legs in geese, [8].
Strictœnas, [6].
STRIPES on young of wild swine, [3];
—of domestic pigs of Turkey, Westphalia, and the Zambesi, [3];
—of feral swine of Jamaica and New Granada, [3];
—of fruit and flowers, [11], [13];
—in horses, [2];
—in the ass, [2] (2);
—production of, by crossing species of Equidæ, [13] (2).
Strix grallaria, [24].
Strix passerina, [18].
“STRUPP-TAUBE,” [5].
STRUTHERS, D., osteology of the feet in solid-hoofed pigs, [3];
—on polydactylism, [12] (2).
STURM, prepotency of transmission of characters in sheep and cattle, [14];
—absorption of the minority in crossed races, [15];
—correlation of twisted horns and curled wool in sheep, [25].
SUB-SPECIES, wild, of Columba livia and other pigeons, [6].
SUCCESSION, geological, of organisms, [Introduction].
SUCKERS, bud-variation by, [11].
SUGAR-CANE, sterility of, in various countries, [18];
—sporting of, [11];
—white, liability of, to disease, [21], [25].
SUICIDE, hereditary tendency to, [12], [14].
SULIVAN, Admiral, on the horses of the Falkland Islands, [2];
—wild pigs of the Falkland Islands, [3];
—feral cattle of the Falkland Islands, [3] (2);
—feral rabbits of the Falkland Islands, [4].
SULTAN fowl, [7] (2).
Sus indicus, [3] (2), [16].
Sus pliciceps (figured), [3].
Sus scrofa, [3] (2), [16].
Sus scrofa palustris, [3].
Sus sennariensis, [3].
Sus vittatus, [3].
SWALLOWS, a breed of pigeons, [2].
SWEET peas, [15];
—crosses of, [15];
—varieties of, coming true by seed, [12];
—acclimatisation of, in India, [8].
SWEET William, bud-variation in, [11].
SWINHOE, R., on Chinese pigeons, [5], [6];
—on striped Chinese horses, [2];
—on the japanned peacock, [8].
SWITZERLAND, ancient dogs of, [1];
—pigs of, in the Neolithic period, [3];
—goats of, [3].
SYCAMORE, pale-leaved variety of the, [25].
SYKES, Colonel, on a pariah dog with crooked legs, [1];
—on small Indian asses, [2];
—on Gallus sonneratii, [7];
—on the voice of the Indian Kulm cock, [7];
—fertility of the fowl in most climates, [18].
SYMMETRY, hereditary departures from, [12].
Symphytum, variegated, [11].
SYPHILIS, hereditary, [25].
SYRIA, asses of, [2].
Syringa persica, chinensis, and vulgaris, [18].

TACITUS, on the care taken by the Celts in breeding animals, [20].
Tagetes signata, dwarf variety of, [12].
TAHITI, varieties of cultivated plants in, [22].
TAIL, never curled in wild animals, [24];
—rudimentary in Chinese sheep, [24].
TAIL-FEATHERS, numbers of, in breeds of pigeons, [5] (2);
—peculiarities of, in cocks, [7];
—variability of, in fowls, [7];
—curled, in Anas boschas, and tame drakes, [8].
TAIT, LAWSON, presence of hairs and teeth in ovarian tumours, [27].
TALENT, hereditary, [12].
TANKERVILLE, Earl of, on Chillingham cattle, [3], [17].
TANNER, Prof., effects of disuse of parts in cattle, [24].
TAPIR, sterility of the, in captivity, [18].
TARGIONI-TOZZETTI, on cultivated plants, [9];
—on the vine, [10];
—varieties of the peach, [10];
—origin and varieties of the plum, [10];
—origin of the cherry, [10];
—origin of roses, [10].
TARSUS, variability of the, in fowls, [7];
—reproduction of the, in a thrush, [27].
TARTARS, their preference for spiral-horned sheep, [20].
TAVERNIER, abundance of pigeons in Persia, [6].
Taxus baccata, [12].
TAYLOR, Mr., potato-grafting, [11].
TEEBAY, Mr., reversion in fowls, [13].
TEETH, number and position of, in dogs, [1];
—deficiency of, in naked Turkish dogs, [1];
—period of appearance of, in breeds of dogs, [1];
—precocity of, in highly-bred animals, [25];
—correlation of, with hair, [25];
—double row of, with redundant hair, in Julia Pastrana, [25];
—affected in form by hereditary syphilis and by pulmonary tubercle, [25];
—developed on the palate, [27].
TEGETMEIER, Mr., on a cat with monstrous teeth, [1];
—on a swift-like pigeon, [5];
—on sexual colours, [5];
—naked young of some pigeons, [5];
—fertility of hybrid pigeons, [6];
—on white pigeons, [21];
—reversion in crossed breeds of fowls, [7];
—chicks of the white silk fowl, [7];
—development of the cranial protuberance in Polish fowls, [7];
—on the skull in the Polish fowl, [7] (2);
—on the intelligence of Polish fowls, [7];
—correlation of the cranial protuberance and crest in Polish fowls, [7];
—development of the web in the feet of Polish fowls, [7];
—early development of several peculiarities in Spanish cocks, [7];
—on the comb in Spanish fowls, [7];
—on the Spanish fowl, [24];
—varieties of game-fowls, [7];
—pedigrees of game-fowls, [12];
—assumption of female plumage by a game-cock, [7];
—natural selection in the game-cock, [21];
—pugnacity of game-hens, [7];
—length of the middle toe in Cochin fowls, [7];
—origin of the Sebright bantam, [13];
—differences in the size of fowls, [7];
—effect of crossing in fowls, [7];
—effects of interbreeding in fowls, [17] (2);
—incubation by mongrels of non-sitting races of fowls, [13];
—inverse correlation of crest and comb in fowls, [7];
—occurrence of pencilled feathers in fowls, [13];
—on a variety of the goose from Sebastopol, [8];
—on the fertility of the peahen, [16];
—on the intercrossing of bees, [17].
TEMMINCK, origin of domestic cats, [1];
—origin of domestic pigeons, [6];
—on Columba guinea, [6];
—on Columba leucocephala, [6];
—asserted reluctance of some breeds of pigeons to cross, [6];
—sterility of hybrid turtle-doves, [6];
—variations of Gallus bankiva, [7];
—on a buff-coloured breed of turkeys, [8];
—number of eggs laid by the peahen, [16];
—breeding of guans in captivity, [18];
—behaviour of grouse in captivity, [18];
—sterility of the partridge in captivity, [18].
TENDRILS in Cucurbitaceæ, [10], [24].
TENNENT, Sir J. E., on the goose, [8];
—on the growth of the apple in Ceylon, [23];
—on the Jaffna sheep, [24].
Teredo, fertilisation in, [27].
TERRIERS, wry-legged, [21];
—white, subject to distemper, [25].
TESCHEMACHER, on a husked form of maize, [9].
TESSIER, on the period of gestation of the dog, [1];
—of the pig, [3];
—in cattle, [3];
—experiments on change of soil, [18].
Tetrao, breeding of species of, in captivity, [18].
Tetrapteryx paradisea, [18].
Teucrium campanulatum, pelorism in, [26].
TEXAS, feral cattle in, [3].
THEOGNIS, his notice of the domestic fowl, [7].
THEOPHRASTUS, his notice of the peach, [24].
Thesium, [23].
THOMPSON, Mr., on the peach and nectarine, [10];
—on the varieties of the apricot, [10];
—classification of varieties of cherries, [10];
—on the “Sister ribston-pippin,” [10];
—on the varieties of the gooseberry, [10] (2).
THOMPSON, WILLIAM, on the pigeons of Islay, [6];
—feral pigeons in Scotland, [6];
—colour of the bill and legs in geese, [8];
—breeding of Tetrao scotius in captivity, [18];
—destruction of black fowls by the osprey, [21].
THORN, grafting of early and late, [10];
—Glastonbury, [10].
THORNS, reconversion of, into branches, in pear trees, [24].
THRUSH, asserted reproduction of the tarsus in a, [27].
Thuja pendula or filiformis, a variety of T. orientalis, [10].
THURET, on the division of the zoospores of an alga, [27].
THWAITES, G. H., on the cats of Ceylon, [1];
—on a twin seed of Fuchsia coccinea and fulgens, [11].
TIBURTIUS, experiments in rearing wild ducks, [8].
TIGER, rarely fertile in captivity, [18].
Tigridia conchiflora, bud-variation in, [11].
TIME, importance of, in the production of races, [21].
TINZMANN, self-impotence in the potato, [17].
TISSUES, affinity of, for special organic substances, [27].
TITMICE, destructive to thin-shelled walnuts, [10];
—attacking nuts, [10];
—attacking peas, [21].
TOBACCO, crossing of varieties of, [16];
—cultivation of, in Sweden, [24].
TOBOLSK, red-coloured cats of, [1].
TOES, relative length of, in fowls, [7];
—development of fifth, in dogs, [24].
TOLLET, Mr., his selection of cattle, [20].
TOMATO, [15].
TOMES, inheritance of dental malformations, [12].
TOMTITS. See TITMICE.
TONGUE, relation of, to the beak in pigeons, [3].
TOOTH, occurrence of a molar, in place of an incisor, [27].
“TORFSCHWEIN,” [3].
TRAIL, R., on the union of half-tubers of different kinds of potatoes, [11].
TREES, varieties of, suddenly produced, [10];
—weeping or pendulous, [10];
—fastigiate or pyramidal, [10];
—with variegated or changed foliage, [10];
—early or late in leaf, [10];
—forest, non-application of selection to, [21].
“TREMBLEUR” (pigeons), [5].
TREMBLEY, on reproduction in Hydra, [27].
“TREVOLTINI” silkworms, [8] (2).
Trichosanthes anguina, [10].
TRICKS, inheritance of, [12] (2).
Trifolium minus and repens, [18].
TRIMORPHIC plants, conditions of reproduction in, [19].
TRISTRAM, H. B., selection of the dromedary, [20].
Triticum dicoccum, [9].
Triticum monococcum, [9].
Triticum spelta, [9].
Triticum turgidum, [9].
Triticum vulgare, wild in Asia, [9].
TRITON, breeding in the branchiferous stage, [27].
“TROMMEL-TAUBE,” [5].
“TRONFO” pigeon, [5].
Tropæolum, [13].
Tropæolum minus and majus, reversion in hybrids of, [22].
TROUBETZKOY, Prince, experiments with pear-trees at Moscow, [24].
TROUSSEAU, Prof., pathological resemblance of twins, [22].
TRUMPETER pigeon, [5];
—known in 1735, [6].
TSCHARNER, H. A. DE, graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the vine, [11].
TSCHUDI, on the naked Peruvian dog, [1];
—extinct varieties of maize from Peruvian tombs, [9], [11].
TUBERS, bud-variation by, [11].
TUCKERMAN, Mr., sterility of Carex rigida, [18].
TUFTED ducks, [8].
TULIPS, variability of, [10];
—bud-variation in, [11] (2);
—influence of soil in “breaking,” [11].
TUMBLER pigeon, [5];
—short-faced, figured, [5];
—skull figured, [5];
—lower jaw figured, [5];
—scapula and furculum figured, [5];
—early known in India, [6];
—history of, [6];
—sub-breeds of, [6];
—young, unable to break the egg-shell, [21];
—probable further modification of, [21].
“TÜMMLER” (pigeons), [5].
TUMOURS, ovarian, occurrence of hairs and teeth in, [27];
—polypoid, origin of, [27].
TURBIT (pigeon), [5], [6].
TURKEY, domestic, origin of, [8];
—crossing of, with North American wild turkey, [8] (2);
—breeds of, [8];
—crested white cock, [8];
—wild, characters of, [8] (2);
—degeneration of, in India, [8], [23];
—failure of eggs of, in Delhi, [18];
—feral, on the Parana, [6];
—change produced in, by domestication, [22].
TURKEY, striped young pigs in, [3].
“TURKISCHE TAUBE,” [5].
TURNER (pigeon), [5].
TURNER, C., on the hollyhock, [3].
TURNER, W., on cells, [27].
TURNIPS, origin of, [9];
—reversion in, [13];
—run wild, [13];
—crosses of, [15] (2);
—Swedish, preferred by hares, [21];
—acclimatisation of, in India, [24].
TURNSPIT, on an Egyptian monument, [1];
—crosses of the, [15].
TURTLE-DOVE, white and coloured, crossing of, [15].
Turtur auritus, hybrids of, with T. cambayensis and T. suratensis, [6].
Turtur risorius, crossing of, with the common pigeon, [6];
—hybrids of with T. vulgaris, [6].
Turtur suratensis, sterile hybrids of, with T. vulgaris, [6];
—hybrids of, with T. auritus, [6].
Turtur vulgaris, crossing of, with the common pigeon, [6];
—hybrid of, with T. risorius, [6];
—sterile hybrids of, with T. suratensis and Ectopistes migratorius, [6].
TUSKS of wild and domesticated pigs, [3] (2).
Tussilago farfara, variegated, [11].
TWIN-SEED of Fuchsia coccinea and fulgens, [11].
TYERMAN, B., on the pigs of the Pacific Islands, [3], [15];
—on the dogs of the Pacific Islands, [15].
TYLOR, Mr., on the prohibition of consanguineous marriages, [17].

UDDERS, development of the, [24].
Ulex, double-flowered, [18].
Ulmus campestris and effusa, hybrids of, [17].
UNIFORMITY of character, maintained by crossing, [15].
UNITS of the body, functional independence of the, [27].
UNITY or plurality of origin of organisms, [Introduction].
UREA, secretion of, [27].
USE and disuse of parts, effects of, [24] (2), [26] (2), [28] (2);
—in rabbits, [4];
—in ducks, [8].
UTILITY, considerations of, leading to uniformity, [21].

VALENTIN, experimental production of double monsters by, [27].
Vallota, [17].
VAN BECK, BARBARA, a hairy-faced woman, [12].
VAN MONS, on wild fruit-trees, [9], [22];
—production of varieties of the vine, [10];
—correlated variability in fruit-trees, [25];
—production of almond-like fruit by peach-seedlings, [10].
Vanessa, species of, not copulating in captivity, [18].
VARIABILITY, [Introduction], [27] (2), [28];
—causes of, [22];
—correlated, [25], [26] (2), [28] (2);
—law of, equable, [26] (2);
—necessity of, for selection, [19];
—of selected characters, [21];
—of multiple homologous parts, [26].
VARIATION, laws of, [24];
—continuity of, [21];
—possible limitation of, [21], [28] (2);
—in domestic cats, [1];
—origin of breeds of cattle by, [3];
—in osteological characters of rabbits, [4];
—of important organs, [10];
—analogous or parallel, [9];
—in horses, [2];
—in the horse and ass, [2];
—in fowls, [7];
—in geese, [8];
—exemplified in the production of fleshy stems in cabbages, etc., [9];
—in the peach, nectarine, and apricot, [10] (2);
—individual, in wheat, [9].
VARIEGATION of foliage, [11], [18].
VARIETIES and species, resemblance of, [Introduction], [28];
—conversion of, into species, [Introduction];
—abnormal, [28];
—domestic, gradually produced, [28].
VARRO, on domestic ducks, [8];
—on feral fowls, [13];
—crossing of the wild and domestic ass, [20].
VASEY, Mr., on the number of sacral vertebræ in ordinary and humped cattle, [3];
—on Hungarian cattle, [3].
VAUCHER, sterility of Ranunculus ficaria and Acorus calamus, [18].
VEGETABLES, cultivated, reversion in, [13];
—European, culture of, in India, [18] (2).
VEITH, Mr., on breeds of horses, [2].
Verbascum, intercrossing of species of, [10], [15], [16];
—reversion in hybrids of, [11];
—self-sterility of, [17];
—contabescent, wild plants of, [18];
—villosity in, [23].
Verbascum austriacum, [17].
Verbascum blattaria, [16] (2).
Verbascum lychnitis, [16] (2), [17].
Verbascum nigrum, [17].
Verbascum phœniceum, [16], [17];
—variable duration of, [24].
Verbascum thapsus, [16], [17].
VERBENAS, origin of, [10];
—white, liability of, to mildew, [21] (2);
—scorching of dark, [21] (2);
—effect of changed conditions of life on, [23].
VERLOT, on the dark-leaved barberry, [10];
—inheritance of peculiarities of foliage in trees, [10];
—production of Rosa cannabifolia by bud-variation from R. alba, [11];
—bud-variation in Aralia trifoliata, [11];
—variegation of leaves, [11];
—colours of tulips, [11];
—uncertainty of inheritance, [12];
—persistency of white flowers, [12];
—peloric flowers of Linaria, [13];
—tendency of striped flowers to uniformity of colour, [14];
—non-intercrossing of certain allied plants, [15];
—sterility of Primulæ with coloured calyces, [18];
—on fertile proliferous flowers, [18];
—on the Irish yew, [21];
—differences in the Camellia, [22];
—effect of soil on the variegated strawberry, [23];
—correlated variability in plants, [25].
Verruca, [13], [27].
VERTEBRAE, characters of, in rabbits, [4];
—in ducks, [8] (2);
—number and variations of, in pigeons, [5] (2);
—number and characters of, in fowls, [7];
—variability of number of, in the pig, [3].
VERTUCH. See PUTSCHE.
“VERUGAS,” [23].
VESPUCIUS, early cultivation in Brazil, [9].
VIBERT’S experiments on the cultivation of the vine from seed, [10].
Viburnum opulus, [19], [24].
Vicia sativa, leaflet converted into a tendril in, [27].
VICUNAS, selection of, [20].
VILLOSITY of plants, influenced by dryness, [23].
VILMORIN, cultivation of the wild carrot, [9], [23];
—colours of tulips, [11];
—uncertainty of inheritance in balsams and roses, [12];
—experiments with dwarf varieties of Saponaria calabrica and Tagetes signata, [12];
—reversion of flowers by stripes and blotches, [13];
—on variability, [22].
Vinca minor, sterility in, [18].
VINE, [10];
—parsley-leaved, reversion of, [11];
—graft-hybrid produced by inosculation in the, [11];
—disease of, influenced by colour of grapes, [21] (2);
—influence of climate, etc., on varieties of the, [23];
—diminished extent of cultivation of the, [24];
—acclimatisation of the, in the West Indies, [24].
Viola, species of, [10].
Viola lutea, different coloured flowers in, [11].
Viola tricolor, reversion in, [13] (2).
VIRCHOW, Prof., on the growth of bones, [24], [27];
—on cellular prolification, [16];
—independence of the elements of the body, [27];
—on the cell-theory, [27];
—presence of hairs and teeth in ovarian tumours, [27];
—of hairs in the brain, [27];
—special affinities of the tissues, [27];
—origin of polypoid excrescences and tumours, [27].
VIRGIL, on the selection of seed corn, [9], [20];
—of cattle and sheep, [20].
VIRGINIAN Islands, ponies of, [2].
VISION, hereditary peculiarities of, [12] (2);
—in amphibious animals, [20];
—varieties of, [24];
—affections of organs of, correlated with other peculiarities, [25].
Vitis vinifera, [10], [11].
Viverra, sterility of species of, in captivity, [18].
VOGEL, varieties of the date palm, [22].
VOGT, on the indications of stripes on black kittens, [13].
VOICE, differences of, in fowls, [7];
—peculiarities of, in ducks, [8];
—inheritance of peculiarities of, [12].
VOLZ, on the history of the dog, [1];
—ancient history of the fowl, [7];
—domestic ducks unknown to Aristotle, [8];
—Indian cattle sent to Macedonia by Alexander, [20];
—mention of mules in the Bible, [20];
—history of the increase of breeds, [21].
VON BERG, on Verbascum phœniceum, [24].
VOORHELM, G., his knowledge of hyacinths, [10], [22].
VROLIK, Prof., on polydactylism, [12];
—influence of the shape of the mother’s pelvis on her child’s head, [26].

WADE, drooping eyelids transmitted, [12].
WADERS, behaviour of, in confinement, [18].
WAGNER, MORITZ, oriental dogs, [21].
WAHLENBORG, on the propagation of Alpine plants by buds, runners, bulbs, etc., [18].
“WAHLVERWANDTSCHAFT” of Gärtner, [19].
WALES, white cattle of, in the tenth century, [3].
WALKER, A., on intermarriage, [11];
—on the inheritance of polydactylism, [12].
WALKER, D., advantage of change of soil to wheat, [18].
WALKER, R., reversion in cattle, [13].
WALLACE, A. R., on the multiple origin of the dog, [1];
—on a striped Javanese horse, [2];
—on the conditions of life of feral animals, [13];
—artificial alteration of the plumage of birds, [23];
—on polymorphic butterflies, [27];
—on reversion, [28];
—on the limits of change, [28].
WALLACE, Dr., on the sterility of Sphingidae hatched in autumn, [18].
WALLACHIAN sheep, sexual peculiarities in the horns of, [3].
WALLFLOWER, bud-variation in, [11].
WALLICH, Dr., on Thuja pendula or filiformis, [10].
WALNUTS, [10] (2);
—thin-shelled, attacked by tomtits, [10];
—grafting of, [22].
WALSH, B. D., on attacks of insects, [10];
—on galls, [23] (2);
—his “Law of equable variability,” [26] (2).
WALTHER, F. L., on the history of the dog, [1];
—on the intercrossing of the zebu and ordinary cattle, [3].
WARING, Mr., on individual sterility, [18].
WATERER, Mr., spontaneous production of Cytisus alpino-laburnum, [11].
WATERHOUSE, G. R., on the winter-colouring of Lepus variabilis, [4].
WATERTON, C., production of tailless foals, [2];
—on taming wild ducks, [8];
—on the wildness of half-bred wild ducks, [13];
—assumption of male characters by a hen, [13].
WATSON, H. C., on British wild fruit-trees, [9];
—on the non-variation of weeds, [9];
—origin of the plum, [10];
—variation in Pyrus malus, [10];
—on Viola amœna and tricolor, [10];
—on reversion in Scotch kail, [13];
—fertility of Draba sylvestris when cultivated, [18];
—on generally distributed British plants, [23].
WATTLES, rudimentary, in some fowls, [24].
WATTS, Miss, on Sultan fowls, [7].
WEBB, JONAS, interbreeding of sheep, [17].
WEBER, effect of the shape of the mother’s pelvis on her child’s head, [26].
WEDDERBURN, Mr., correlation of teeth and hair, [25].
WEEDS, supposed necessity for their modification, coincidently with cultivated plants, [9].
WEEPING varieties of trees, [10].
WEEPING habit of trees, capricious inheritance of, [12] (2).
WEEVIL, injury done to stone-fruit by, in North America, [21].
WEIJENBERGH, on parthenogenesis, [27].
WEIR, H., large litter of pigs, [16].
WEIR, JENNER, on the japanned peacock, [8];
—mare and quagga, [11];
—wildness of mule siskins, [13].
WEISMANN, Prof., reversion from unnatural conditions, [13];
—isolation, [23];
—dimorphic butterflies, [23];
—causes of variability, [23].
WELSH cattle, descended from Bos longifrons, [3].
WEST Indies, feral pigs of, [3];
—effect of climate of, upon sheep, [3].
WESTERN, Lord, change effected by, in pigs, [3] (2);
—in the sheep, [20].
WESTPHALIA, striped young pigs in, [3].
WESTWOOD, J. O., on peloric flowers of Calceolaria, [26].
WETHERELL, Mr., on inheritance of mutilations, [12].
WHATELY, Archbishop, on grafting early and late thorns, [10].
WHEAT, specific unity or diversity of, [9] (4);
—Hasora, [9];
—presence or absence of barbs in, [9];
—Godron on variations in, [9];
—varieties of, [9] (2);
—effects of soil and climate on, [9];
—deterioration of, [9];
—crossing of varieties of, [9], [15], [16], [17];
—in the Swiss lake-dwellings, [9];
—selection applied to, [9], [20];
—increased fertility of hybrids of, with Ægilops, [16];
—advantage of change of soil to, [18];
—differences of, in various parts of India, [18];
—continuous variation in, [20];
—red, hardiness of, [21], [25];
—Fenton, [21];
—natural selection in, [21];
—varieties of, found wild, [22];
—effects of change of climate on, [24];
—ancient variety of, [28].
WHITBY, Mrs., on the markings of silkworms, [8];
—on the silk-moth, [8].
WHITE, Mr., reproduction of supernumerary digits after amputation, [12];
—time occupied in the blending of crossed races, [15].
WHITE, GILBERT, vegetable diet of dogs, [24].
WHITE and white-spotted animals, liability of, to disease, [25] (2).
WHITE flowers, most truly reproduced by seed, [12].
WICHURA, MAX, on hybrid willows, [13];
—analogy between the pollen of old-cultivated plants and of hybrids, [22].
WICKING, Mr., inheritance of the primary characters of Columba livia in cross-bred pigeons, [6];
—production of a white head in almond tumblers, [20].
WICKSTED, Mr., on cases of individual sterility, [18].
WIEGMANN, spontaneous crossing of blue and white peas, [11];
—crossing of varieties of cabbage, [17];
—on contabescence, [18].
WIGHT, Dr., sexual sterility of plants propagated by buds, etc., [18].
WILCKENS, Dr., effect of previous impregnation, [11];
—alpine breeds, [24];
—drooping ears, [24];
—correlation of hair and horns, [25].
WILDE, Sir W. R., occurrence of Bos frontosus and longifrons in Irish crannoges, [3];
—attention paid to breeds of animals by the ancient Irish, [20].
WILDER, Dr. B., on the brain of dogs, [1];
—supernumerary digits, [12].
WILDMAN, on the dahlia, [20], [23].
WILDNESS of the progeny of crossed tame animals, [13] (2).
WILKES, Capt., on the taming of pigeons among the Polynesians, [18].
WILKINSON, J., on crossed cattle, [16].
WILLIAMS, Mr., change of plumage in a Hamburgh hen, [7].
WILLIAMS, Mr., intercrossing of strawberries, [10].
WILLIAMSON, Capt., degeneration of dogs in India, [1];
—on small Indian asses, [2].
WILLIAMSON, Rev. W., doubling of Anemone coronaria by selection, [20].
WILLOWS, weeping, [10];
—reversion of spiral-leaved weeping, [11];
—hybrids of, [22];
—galls of, [23] (2).
WILLUGHBY, F., notice of spot pigeons, [5];
—on a fantail pigeon, [6];
—on tumbler pigeons, [6];
—on the turbit, [6];
—on the barb and carrier pigeons, [6];
—on the hook-billed duck, [8].
WILMOT, Mr., on a crested white Turkey-cock, [8];
—reversion of sheep in colour, [13].
WILSON, B. O., fertility of hybrids of humped and ordinary cattle in Tasmania, [3].
WILSON, Dr., prepotency of the Manx over the common cat, [14].
WILSON, JAMES, origin of dogs, [1].
WILSON, Mr., on prepotency of transmission in sheep, [14];
—on the breeding of bulls, [20].
WINGS, proportionate length of, in different breeds of pigeons, [5] (2);
—of fowls, effects of disuse on, [7];
—characters and variations of, in ducks, [8];
—diminution of, in birds of small islands, [8] (2).
WING-FEATHERS, number of, in pigeons, [5];
—variability of, in fowls, [7].
WOLF, recent existence of, in Ireland, [1];
—barking of young, [1];
—hybrids of, with the dog, [1].
WOLF-DOG, black, of Florida, [1].
WOLVES, North American, their resemblance to dogs of the same region, [1] (2);
—burrowing of, [1].
WOODBURY, Mr., crossing of the Ligurian and common hive bees, [8], [17];
—variability of bees, [8].
WOODWARD, S. P., on Arctic Mollusca, [22].
WOOD, WILLOUGHBY, reversion from a cross, [13];
—on Mr. Bates’ cattle, [17].
WOOLER, W. A., on the young of the Himalayan rabbit, [4];
—persistency of the coloured calyx in a crossed polyanthus, [10].
WOUNDS, healing of, [24].
WRIGHT, J., production of crippled calves by short-horned cattle, [17];
—on selection in cattle, [20];
—effect of close interbreeding on pigs, [17];
—deterioration of game-cocks by close interbreeding, [17].
WRIGHT, STRETHILL, on the development of the hydroida, [27].
WYMAN, Dr., on Niata cattle, and on a similar malformation in the codfish, [3];
—on Virginian pigs, [21];
—browsing under water, [24].

XENOPHON, on the colours of hunting dogs, [20].
XIMENES, Cardinal, regulations for the selection of rams, [20].

“YAHU,” the name of the pigeon in Persia, [5].
YAKS, domestication of, [20];
—selection of white-tailed, [20].
YAM, development of axillary bulbs in the, [18].
YARRELL, Mr., deficiency of teeth in hairless dogs, [1], [25];
—on ducks, [8], [22];
—characters of domestic goose, resembling those of Anser albifrons, [8];
—whiteness of ganders, [8];
—variations in gold-fish, [8] (2);
—assumption of male plumage by the hen-pheasant, [13];
—effect of castration upon the cock, [13] (2);
—breeding of the skylark in captivity, [18];
—plumage of the male linnet in confinement, [18];
—on the dingo, [22].
YELLOW fever, in Mexico, [23].
YEW, fastigiate, [21].
YEW, Irish, hardy in New York, [24].
YEW, weeping, [10];
—propagation of, by seed, [12].
YOLK, variations of, in the eggs of ducks, [8].
YOUATT, Mr., history of the dog, [1];
—variations of the pulse in breeds of dogs, [1];
—liability to disease in dogs, [1], [21];
—inheritance of goitre in dogs, [12];
—on the greyhound, [1] (2);
—on King Charles’ spaniels, [1];
—on the setter, [1];
—on breeds of horses, [2];
—variation in the number of ribs in the horse, [2];
—inheritance of diseases in the horse, [12] (2);
—introduction of Eastern blood into English horses, [20] (2);
—on white Welsh cattle, [3], [20];
—improvement of British breeds of cattle, [3];
—rudiments of horns in young hornless cattle, [13], [24];
—on crossed cattle, [16], [17];
—on Bakewell’s long-horned cattle, [17];
—selection of qualities in cattle, [20];
—degeneration of cattle by neglect, [21];
—on the skull in hornless cattle, [25];
—disease of white parts of cattle, [25];
—displacement of long-horned by short-horned cattle, [28];
—on Angola sheep, [3];
—on the fleece of sheep, [3];
—correlation of horns and fleece in sheep, [3];
—adaptation of breeds of sheep to climate and pasture, [3];
—horns of Wallachian sheep, [3];
—exotic sheep in the Zoological Gardens, [3], [24];
—occurrence of horns in hornless breeds of sheep, [13];
—on the colour of sheep, [13];
—on interbreeding sheep, [17];
—on Merino rams in Germany, [20];
—effect of unconscious selection on sheep, [20];
—reversion of Leicester sheep on the Lammermuir Hills, [21];
—on many-horned sheep, [25];
—reduction of bone in sheep, [21];
—persistency of character in breeds of animals in mountainous countries, [14];
—on interbreeding, [17];
—on the power of selection, [20] (2);
—slowness of production of breeds, [21];
—passages in the Bible relating to the breeding of animals, [20].
YOUNG, J., on the Belgian rabbit, [4].
YULE, Capt., on a Burmese hairy family, [14], [25].

ZAMBESI, striped young pigs on the, [3].
ZAMBOS, character of the, [13].
ZARCO, J. G., introduction of rabbits into Porto Santo by, [4].
Zea altissima, [9];
—mays, [9].
ZEBU, [3];
—domestication of the, [3];
—fertile crossing of, with European cattle, [3], [16].
ZEBRA, hybrids of, with the ass and mare, [13].
Zephyranthes candida, [18].
Zinnia, cultivation of, [22].
ZOLLINGER on Malayan penguin ducks, [8].
ZOOSPORE, division of, in Algæ, [23].
“ZOPF-TAUBE,” [5].