B. Neuter ĭ-Stems.
[39]. These end in the Nominative Singular in -e, -al, and -ar. They always have -ī in the Ablative Singular, -ia in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural, and -ium in the Genitive Plural, thus holding more steadfastly to the i-character than do Masculine and Feminine ĭ-Stems.
| Sedile, seat; stem, sedīli-. | Animal, animal; stem, animāli-. | Calcar, spur; stem, calcāri-. | ||
SINGULAR. | TERMINATION. | |||
| Nom. | sedīle | animal | calcar | -e or wanting |
| Gen. | sedīlis | animālis | calcāris | -is |
| Dat. | sedīlī | animālī | calcārī | -ī |
| Acc. | sedīle | animal | calcar | -e or wanting |
| Voc. | sedīle | animal | calcar | -e or wanting |
| Abl. | sedīlī | animālī | calcārī | -ī |
PLURAL. | ||||
| Nom. | sedīlia | animālia | calcāria | -ia |
| Gen. | sedīlium | animālium | calcārium | -ium |
| Dat. | sedīlibus | animālibus | calcāribus | -ibus |
| Acc. | sedīlia | animālia | calcāria | -ia |
| Voc. | sedīlia | animālia | calcāria | -ia |
| Abl. | sedīlibus | animālibus | calcāribus | -ibus |
1. In most words of this class the final -i of the stem is lost in the Nominative Singular; in others it appears as -e.
2. Proper names in -e form the Ablative Singular in -e; as, Sōracte, Mt. Soracte; so also sometimes mare, sea.
III. Consonant-Stems that have partially adapted themselves to the Inflection of ĭ-Stems.
[40]. Many Consonant-Stems have so far adapted themselves to the inflection of ĭ-stems as to take -ium in the Genitive Plural, and -īs in the Accusative Plural. Their true character as Consonant-Stems, however, is shown by the fact that they never take -im in the Accusative Singular, or -ī in the Ablative Singular. The following words are examples of this class:—
| Caedēs, f., slaughter; stem, caed-. | Arx, f., citadel; stem, arc-. | Linter, f., skiff; stem, lintr-. | |
SINGULAR. | |||
| Nom. | caedēs | arx | linter |
| Gen. | caedis | arcis | lintris |
| Dat. | caedī | arcī | lintrī |
| Acc. | caedem | arcem | lintrem |
| Voc. | caedēs | arx | linter |
| Abl. | caede | arce | lintre |
PLURAL. | |||
| Nom. | caedēs | arcēs | lintrēs |
| Gen. | caedium | arcium | lintrium |
| Dat. | caedibus | arcibus | lintribus |
| Acc. | caedēs, -īs | arcēs, -īs | lintrēs, -īs |
| Voc. | caedēs | arcēs | lintrēs |
| Abl. | caedibus | arcibus | lintribus |
1. The following classes of nouns belong here:—
a) Nouns in -ēs, with Genitive in -is; as, nūbēs, aedēs, clādēs, etc.
b) Many monosyllables in -s or -x preceded by one or more consonants; as, urbs, mōns, stirps, lanx.
c) Most nouns in -ns and -rs as, cliēns, cohors.
d) Ūter, venter; fūr, līs, mās, mūs, nix; and the Plurals faucēs, penātēs, Optimātēs, Samnitēs, Quirītēs.
e) Sometimes nouns in -tās with Genitive -tātis; as, cīvitās, aetās. Cīvitās usually has cīvitātium.