XI. The conjugation of the reflexive verbs (as already mentioned) offers a mass of forms unknown to literary Finnish, which sometimes also occur in verbs which are not strictly reflexive.
The chief terminations found in these verbs are:—
| Indicative present. | ||
|---|---|---|
| Sing. | 1. | me or ime—luome, kaivaime. |
| 2. | tet, itet, or te—pistätet. | |
| 3. | kse, ikse, or ksen—astuikse, istuikse, astuiksen, katseleikse. | |
| Imperfect. | ||
| Sing. | 1. | ime—annoime, siirrime, siirräime. |
| 2. | ihet or ihit—astelihet, suorihet. | |
| 3. | ihe or iin—ajoihe, loihe, vetihe, pistihe, rikkoihe, heittiin. | |
The termination ime is also found in the 1st pers. sing. of the conditional and ihe in the 3rd sing. of the concessive and conditional. The 2nd sing. of the Imper. often ends in te or ite—veäite (vedä itsesi), laskeite, paneite. The inf. of such verbs generally ends in itä; e.g. vetäitä. Rarely are found such forms as kuolkosi, kaotkosi for kuollos, etc.
XII. The negative verb frequently follows instead of preceding the root which it negatives; e.g. oisi en paljo pitänyt, maha et lausua lapiksi.
XIII. The style of the Kalevala is characterized by a general absence of conjunctions and connecting particles, but on the other hand abounds in syllables used merely to give emphasis or quite pleonastically. Such are the suffixes pa, pä, han, hän, kana. The word on is used in the same way; e.g. juop’ on vanha Wäinämöinen. Tuop’ on Pohjolan emäntä sanan virkkoi. Enpä anna tyttöäni.
XIV. A number of other differences from the literary dialect occur, some of which may be classified as follows:—
(1) Contracted essives, where the ordinary language prefers the full form: lasna for lapsena; nuorra for nuorena; suurra for suurena.
(2) In pronouns ma, mä, or mie for minä; sa, sä, sie for sinä; milma, silma for minua, sinua; miusta for minusta; siulle for sinulle, ka or ken for kuka, mi for mikä.