Introduction to the scientific study of education - Charles Hubbard Judd

VIII. RELATION BETWEEN SUBJECTS TAUGHT

For purposes of this section follow a class for a whole forenoon. If the class observed is one of the lower grades, the organization which places this class largely in the hands of one teacher favors a close interrelation of subjects. In the upper grades and high school, on the other hand, organization makes interrelating difficult.

1. What cases did you observe in which the teacher consciously tried to illuminate one subject by reference to another?

2. Did the pupils ask any questions or make remarks which showed that they were thinking about other school topics?

3. Within a given subject there is sometimes opportunity to relate topics which are remote from each other in the textbook. Did the classes visited show any examples of such relating of topics?

4. What opportunities for interrelating subjects did you observe in addition to those taken advantage of by the class?

5. Sometimes the contrast produced by change from one topic to another or from one classroom to another is important in arousing or depressing a class. What contrasts did you observe?

INDEX

Academic courses in high schools, [7]
Academy, American, [27]
Accounting, school, [61]
Administration, studies of, [208]
training for, [319]
Administrative problems, study of, [303]
Adolescence, [268]
early, [190]
later, [194]
Adults, continuation classes for, [147]
and the curriculum, [200]
After-school classes, [145]
Age limits of compulsory education, [42]
Agricultural high schools, [134]
Alderman, L. R., [144]
Algebra, history of, [115]
Allen, I. M., [110], [238]
Allison, Elizabeth W., [285]
American Academy of Political and Social Science, [155]
American schools, [14], [26]
of 1850, [33]
Ames, E. S., [196]
Appendix, [321]
Arabic numerals, [116]
Arithmetic, [117]
nonpromotions in, [103]
studies of, [210]
Associations of parents and teachers, [152]
Athletics, [146]
Attendance, [35], [41]
Attention, observation of, [324]
Auditoriums, school, [90]
Austin, Texas, [38]
Authority in school system, [66]
Ayres, L. P., [5], [45], [82], [106], [202], [215], [216], [288], [307]
Ayres, May, [82]
Bagley, W. C., [204], [211], [251], [253]
Bailey, W. A., [264]
Batavia system, [110]
Binet-Simon tests, [172]
Board of education, [66], [67]
Bobbitt, J. F., iv, [56], [101], [126]
Boise, Idaho, [104]
Books, free, [60]
Boston, Massachusetts, [95]
Boston Latin School, [27]
Boys, special commercial training for, [177]
Breslich, E. R., [235]
Bright pupils, [174]
British Royal Commission on the Feeble-minded, Report of, [170]
Brooks, Charles, [22]
Brown, E. E., [31]
Bryant, Louise S., [282]
Buildings, school, [74], [78]
Bunker, F. F., [22], [24], [31]
Bureau of Census, [51]
Bureau of Education, [62]
Burritt, B. B., [200]
Business administration of schools, [68]
California State Board of Education, [317]
Cameron, E. H., iv
Caste and schools, [17]
Centralization, of school control, [64]
of school organization, [291]
Charters, W. W., [206], [241]
Chicago, Illinois, [46], [50], [64]
Child labor, [40]
Childhood, [185]
City Club of Chicago, [133]
Civics, [139]
Clark, E., [62]
Class, organization of, [96]
Class instruction, [110]
Class period, [256]
Classes, sizes of and costs, [58]
Classical curriculum, [114]
Classical program, [129]
Classroom management, [242]
Classroom observation, [321]
Clerks, training of, [177]
Cleveland, [102], [181], [217]
Clubs, corn, [149]
Coffman, L. D., [208], [320]
College courses, as preparatory, [207]
once professional, [114]
for teachers, [315]
Colonial education, [122]
Colorado, [6]
Comenius, [300]
Commercial Club of Chicago, [132]
Commercial courses, [177]
in high schools, [132], [133]
in private schools, [132], [133]
Commissioner of Education, [25]
reports of, [37], [38], [41], [48], [307]
Committee of Ten, [126]
Community, conservatism of, [2]
and control of schools, [63]
lessons in, [139]
studies of, [292]
Community centers, [150]
Comparative method, [14]
Comparison, method of, [221], [304]
Compulsory education, [30]
Compulsory legislation, [37]
Concentration, [158]
Connecticut school law, [16]
Conservatism in community, [2]
Consolidation of schools, [92]
Contagion in schools, [283]
Continuation classes, [147]
Continuation training of teachers, [318]
Coöperative recitation, [240]
Corporation schools, [135]
Correlation, observation of, [326]
Correspondence schools, [153]
Costs, and class instruction, [97]
and efficiency, [52]
school, [46]
of school construction, [89]
Course of study, changes in, [2]
Courses of study, and costs, [56]
for girls, [180]
Courtis, S. A., [228], [295]
Cousin, [23]
Credits, for courses, [261]
for home activities, [142]
Cubberley, E. P., [34], [37], [52], [62], [77]
Current references and the curriculum, [203]
Curricula of schools, [18]
Curriculum (see also Course of study), [113], [197]
conservatism regarding, [2]
and costs, [49], [56]
for girls, [180]
grading of subjects in, [99]
and individual differences, [17]
and industry, [125]
principles of, [156]
readjustments in, [105]
revision of, [132]
and school buildings, [90]
and school equipment, [88]
Deffenbaugh, W. S., [255]
Democracy, and individual differences, [182]
and school management, [291]
Demonstrations as means of education, [150]
Denver survey, [85], [107]
Department of Superintendence, [70], [182]
Departmentalization of grades, [91]
Desks, [87], [88]
Detroit, Michigan, [72]
Device, [229]
Dewey, John, [13], [88]
Differentiated curricula, [182]
Discipline, [157]
classroom, [242], [249]
impersonal, [252]
observation of, [322]
District control of schools, [64], [71]
Dressler, F. B., [80]
Drill, [240]
Dual school system, [131]
Earhart, L. B., [241]
Economy, demand for, [52]
Education, of common people, [32]
according to nature, [158]
and industry, [40]
Educational psychology, [301]
Efficiency and costs, [52]
Efficiency experts, [295]
Elementary-education expenditures, [47], [48], [55], [58]
Elimination from school, [121]
English secondary schools, [29]
Entertainment, [150]
Errors in oral reading, [225]
Euclid, [116]
European schools, [14], [17]
Examinations, [240]
English, [29]
Exceptional pupils, [174]
Excursions, field, [239]
Exercises and readings, [12], [30], [45], [62], [76], [95], [111], [125], [139], [154], [168], [182], [195], [210], [228], [241], [252], [265], [278], [287], [297], [306], [320]
Experimental method, [8], [302]
Experiments in education, [302]
Extension of education, [141]
Eye movements in reading, [9]
Failures, and classification of pupils, [102]
in high school, [107]
Fairy tales, [188]
Farrington, F. E., [31], [140]
Fatigue, [256]
and lighting, [85]
and play, [269]
Feeble-mindedness, [170]
Figures, [6], [8], [9], [18], [50], [59], [79], [80], [81], [83], [84], [103], [133], [181], [218], [223], [263]
Financial support of schools, [36]
Fiscal problem, [44]
Fiske, John, [184], [306]
Fleming, G. L., [57]
Flexner, Abraham, [129], [153]
Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, [100]
Food and education, [281]
Foreign languages, teaching of, [166]
Formal training, [162]
Free education, [28]
Freedom, doctrine of, [158]
Freeman, F. N., iv, [216], [302], [306]
Galton, Francis, [183]
Gardening, school, [146], [239]
Gary plan, [90], [100]
General courses, [138]
General education, [114], [127]
General Education Board, [149]
General training, [162]
Geometry, history of, [115]
German schools, [22], [29]
German system of training teachers, [312]
Giles, F. M., [236]
Girls, education of, [28], [175]
new courses for, [180]
special training of, for vocations, [177]
trade training for, [136]
Grade system, [96]
Grading pupils, [261], [322]
Grading systems, [100]
Grammar, [204]
Grammar school, [27]
Grand Rapids, [223]
Grand Rapids survey, [55]
Gray, W. S., iv, [226]
Greek and formal discipline, [164]
Greeley, Colorado, [141]
Greeley, Horace, [280]
Groos, K., [278]
Gulick, L. H., [288]
Gymnasium, [19], [25]
Hadley, A. T., [164]
Hall, G. S., [196], [306]
Handwriting, [215]
Harvard, [114], [199], [207], [262]
Health, [279]
Health department, [283]
Heating, [86]
Heck, W. H., [169]
Herbart, [301]
Hibbing, Minnesota, [59]
High schools (see also Secondary schools), [27]
agricultural, [134]
classification of pupils in, [105]
commercial courses in, [132]
costs of, [55]
curricula of, [5]
failures in subjects in, [107]
laboratory methods in, [233]
High-school building, [82]
Higher education, [44]
Higher schools and the curriculum, [113]
Historical method, [14]
History of education, iii, [300]
Holmes, W. H., [112]
Home, education in the, [186]
Home activities and school credit, [142]
Home credits, [143]
Home feeding, [280]
Hopkins Grammar School, [27]
Household arts, [179]
Hygiene, [85]
teaching of, [285]
Idiots, [170]
Illinois, [6]
Illinois State Teachers Association, [222]
Imbeciles, [170]
Imitation and primary grades, [187]
Immigrants, training of, [147]
Impersonal discipline, [252]
Impersonal standards, [219]
Indiana, [6]
Individual differences, [160], [170]
and instruction, [104]
from training, [180]
Individual instruction, [110]
Individualism, [194]
period of, [189]
Industrial continuation classes, [147]
Industrial demands and education, [11]
Industrial education, [123], [131]
demand for, [119]
Industry and education, [40]
Infancy, [184]
Instincts and play, [268]
Instruction, in classes, [110]
and classification, [105]
and costs, [49], [56]
and grouping, [98]
in health, [285]
in play, [273]
state supervision of, [43]
Intelligence, low grades of, [170]
tests of, [172]
Interest, [158]
Intermediate grades, [189]
Intermediate school, [193]
Iowa, [6]
Irnerius, [113]
James, William, [306]
Jessup, W. A., [208]
Johnson, G. E., [273], [277]
Johnston, C. H., [316]
Jordan, David Starr, [232]
Junior high school, [121], [193]
Kansas, [6], [7]
Kansas City, Kansas, [264]
Kansas City, Missouri, [204]
Kilpatrick, W. H., [160]
Kindergarten, [185]
Kirkpatrick, E. A., [119], [196]
Knight, H. R., [271]
Koos, L. V., [126]
Laboratory method, [232]
Laboratory methods and science of education, [302]
Laboratory-class period, [260]
Laggards. See Retardation
Lancastrian system, [35]
Land grants, [35]
Language, [186]
Latin school, [27]
Leavitt, F. M., [137]
Lecture method, [239]
Legal requirements for secondary-school teachers, [317]
Liggett School, [295]
Lighting in school buildings, [78], [85]
Locke, John, [300]
Lowell, A. L., [207]
Luncheons, school, [280]
MacAndrew, W., [77]
McFarland, E. G., [143]
McMurry, C. A., [169], [241]
McMurry, F. M., [163]
Madison, Wisconsin, [274]
Maine, [99]
Malnutrition, [281]
Management of school system, [67]
Manhattan Trade School, [136]
Mann, Horace, [22], [36]
Marks, [245]
systems of, [261]
Massachusetts, [22], [37]
Mathematics in high school, [115]
Maturity of pupils, [166]
Maury, Sarah W., [280]
Measurement of school results, [73], [212], [294]
Mechanical aspects of school work, [227]
Meek, C. S., [2]
Method, [229]
experiments in, [239]
Methods, courses in, iii, [300]
of study, [235]
Meyer, M. F., [263]
Michigan, [6], [22]
Miller, Edith, [206]
Minneapolis, [74], [119]
Minneapolis survey, [11]
Minnesota, [6], [7]
Missouri, [6]
Mistakes of pupils, study of, [204]
Monahan, A. C., [95]
Money, training in use of, [118]
Monroe, Paul, [265]
Monroe, W. S., [31]
Montana, [6]
Montessori, [159]
Morehouse, F. M., [253]
Morons, [171]
Motor processes, observation of, [325]
National Association of Directors of Educational Research, [77]
National life, lessons in, [139]
National Playground Association, [278]
National Society for the Promotion of Industrial Education, [11], [293]
National Society for the Study of Education, [126], [140], [211]
Natural behavior, [267]
Natural education, [158]
and play, [268]
Nebraska, [6]
Neef, Joseph, [231]
New England, [27]
New York City, [50], [53]
Normal schools, [308]
Norsworthy, N., [241]
North Central Association of Colleges and Secondary Schools, [5], [126], [316]
North Dakota, [6]
Object teaching, [231]
Observation, classroom, [321]
Ohio, [6], [7]
Oklahoma, [6]
One-room school, [97]
Open-air rooms, [279]
Opinion versus measurement, [213]
Oral instruction in European schools, [15]
Oral reading, [9], [222]
Parents’ associations, [152]
Parker, S. C, iv, [31], [166], [241], [311]
Part-time courses, [134]
Pathological cases, treatment of, in schools, [279]
Pathological conditions, [258]
Period of class, [256]
Periodicity, in mental development, [184]
and play, [267]
Perry, Arthur Cecil, [253]
Perry, Clarence Arthur, [150], [155]
Personal standards, [219]
Pestalozzi, [231], [300]
Peterson, E. A., [283]
Physical conditions of classrooms, [322]
Physical education, [270]
Pierce, J. D., [22]
Plato, [300]
Play, [266]
Population and educational costs, [48]
Portland survey, [52]
Practical applications of academic courses, [138]
Preparation, of pupils, [323]
of teachers, [323]
Primary grades, [187]
Principal, school, [289]
Professional courses, preparation for, [207]
Professional education, [113], [122]
Professional training, [199]
of teachers, [308]
Program, daily, [254]
Promotion, [102], [104], [109]
Propaganda, educational, [148]
Prussian schools, [22]
Psychological methods, [302]
Psychology, iii, [301]
Public Education Association of Chicago, [67]
Public expenditures and school costs, [51]
Public opinion and reading, [16]
Punishments, [247]
Pupil’s point of view, [1]
Pupils, grading of, [97]
unruly, [251]
Puritans and play, [266]
Quality of handwriting, [217]
Question and answer method, [234]
Questions, observation of, [325]
Quintilian, [300]
Rapeer, L. W., [282]
Rate, of handwriting, [217]
of oral reading, [225]
Reading, [8], [188]
in American schools, [15]
individual differences in, [180]
nonpromotions and, [103]
oral, [222]
rate of, [180]
Reading school, colonial, [16], [123]
Readings, exercises and, [12], [30], [45], [62], [76], [95], [111], [125], [139], [154], [168], [182], [195], [210], [228], [241], [252], [265], [278], [287], [297], [306], [320]
Recitation, [14]
attention during, [324]
coöperative, [240]
Records, and scientific studies, [304]
and standardization, [222]
Recreation, [269]
Religious teaching, [29]
Report on classroom observations, [321]
Report lesson, [239]
Retardation, [4], [302]
Reviews in seventh and eighth grades, [193]
Rewards, [247]
Rice, J. M., [215]
Roman, F. W., [140]
Roman numerals and multiplication, [116]
Rousseau, Jean Jacques, [13], [158], [300]
Routine, organization of, [245]
Rudimentary curriculum, [25]
Rugg, H. O., iv, [55], [62], [211], [307]
Rural school buildings, [80]
Salaries, teachers’, [60]
Sanitation and school buildings, [78]
Scales, [215], [294]
Schmidt, W. A., [10]
School credits for home activities, [142]
School day, length of, [254]
School discipline, [249]
School finance, [89]
School program and play, [276]
School Report of 1801, [20]
School-city, [250]
Science of education, [299]
definition of, [305]
subdivisions of, [304]
and teachers, [320]
Scientific methods, [14]
applied to marks, [262]
demand for, [3]
for revising the curriculum, [200]
and standardization, [228]
of studying the curriculum, [197]
and supervision, [44], [72], [296]
Scientific supervision, [289]
Secondary schools (see also High schools), [17], [192]
teachers in, [311]
Secular schools, [29]
Sense experiences and primary education, [187]
Seventh grade, reorganization of, [182]
Shearman, F. W., [24]
Sheldon, [231]
Shopwork, [240]
Shorey, Paul, [130]
Silent reading, [8]
“Six-three-and-three” plan, [121]
Smith, W. H., [95]
Social arts, period of learning, [188]
Social consciousness, [190]
Social control, types of, [244]
Social standards, [220]
South Carolina, [41]
South Dakota, [6], [7]
Space study, [117]
Spaulding, F. E., [105]
Special classes, [105], [175]
Special courses for defectives, [172]
Specialization, [194]
Specialized education, [113], [127]
Speed of handwriting, [217]
Spelling tests, [201]
Spencer, Herbert, [13], [253], [306]
Springfield, Illinois, survey, [202]
Standardization of results, [294]
Standardizing associations, [316]
Standards, based on opinion, [213]
objective, [214]
State control, [33]
State and school finance, [54]
State supervision of education, [42]
Statistical studies, [301]
Stevens, Bertha M., [177]
St. Louis, [106], [223]
St. Louis survey, [55]
Strayer, G. D., [95], [241]
Study, attention during, [325]
Study lesson, [239]
Subject-matter versus method, [230]
Summaries, [125], [167]
Superintendent of schools, [66], [69]
Supernormal child, [174]
Supervised study, [111], [235], [237]
Supervision, [42], [63]
of courses, [210]
of health, [278]
scientific, [289]
Supplies, costs of, [60]
Survey, industrial, [11]
of recreations, [270]
System, the school, [30]
Tables, [48], [51], [55], [57], [58], [107]
Tachau, Lena L., [280]
Taunton, Massachusetts, school report, [20]
Taxation, general, for schools, [36]
Teachers, continuation courses for, [318]
preparation of, [323]
relation of, to community, [63]
and the science of education, [320]
secondary-school, [311]
selection and management of, [293]
training of, [308]
Technical courses in high schools, [7]
Terman, L. M., [95], [172]
Tests, [294]
of adults, [201]
of general intelligence, [172]
of methods, [240]
of school products, [72], [212]
Texas, compulsory education in, [37], [38]
Textbooks in American schools, [14]
Thorndike, E. L., [183], [216], [301], [307]
Trade education, [11]
Trade schools, [135]
Trade training for girls, [136]
Training of teachers, [308]
Transfer of training, [165]
Ungraded class, [101]
Units, high-school, [7]
University of Alexandria, [116]
University of Cincinnati, [134]
University of Missouri, [263]
Unruly pupils, [251]
Vacation classes, [145]
Ventilation, [86]
Vernacular, [18], [25]
Vocational education, [122], [131]
Volksschule, [17], [18], [19], [25]
Vorschule, [19]
Ward, D. A., [233]
Washington, Booker, [169]
Wealth and educational expenditures, [53]
Wheaton, H. H., [147]
Wider use of school plant, [141]
Wirt, W. A., [90]
Wisconsin, [6]
Wood, T. D., [288]
Woolman, Mary S., [136]
Wyoming, [6]
Young, Ella Flagg, [2]