[6.] “Nostrum Mongers.” Sellers of quack medicines.
[7.] “Circenses,” sir-senˈsēs. A Latin term, meaning race-courses. Here it can be translated recreations.
[8.] “Panes,” paˈnēs. Bread, means of subsistence.
[9.] “Languedoc,” langˈgue-dock. A name applied during the middle ages to a province in the south of France, which is now divided into several departments, among which are Aude, Hérault, and Upper Garonne.
[10.] “Bunsen,” Christian Karl, Baron von, generally known as Chevalier Bunsen. (1791-1860.) One of the most distinguished statesmen and scholars of Germany. Through the favor of Niebuhr, who was Prussian minister at Rome, he was appointed secretary to the Prussian embassy at that court, where he remained twenty years, and then succeeded Niebuhr as minister. Later he was sent as Prussian embassador to England. He was highly esteemed by Frederick William III. and Frederick William IV., both of whom frequently took him into their counsel. He was one of the most zealous workers in bringing about the union of the German states. His widow has published the “Memoirs of Bunsen.”
[11.] “Turnerhalls.” Gymnasia which were established throughout Germany through the enterprise of Friedrich Ludwig Jahn, in the latter part of the eighteenth century, for the purpose of fitting young men to endure the fatigues of war.
[12.] “Jean Jacques Rousseau.” (1712-1778.) One of the most eloquent French writers and singular characters of his age. He was denounced on account of his subversive theories and the immoralities of his life. His erratic social and political teachings are redeemed in part by the strong desire he had to increase the happiness of the laboring classes.
[13.] “Goldwin Smith.” (1823-⸺.) An English author, and a warm friend to the federal government during the civil war. Coming to the United States in 1868, he became professor of English history in Cornell University.