A Critical Exposition of the Popular 'Jihád' / Showing that all the Wars of Mohammad Were Defensive; and / that Aggressive War, or Compulsory Conversion, is not / Allowed in The Koran - 1885

by Cherágh Ali

Sale ... "Fought."
Rodwell ... "Fought."
Palmer ... "Fought strenuously."

There is no valid excuse here for changing the signification of the word Jáhadoo into that which is never used in the Koran or in the classical Arabic.

(15) The Cattle, VI, 109.

27. "With their (Jahd) most binding oath have they sworn by God...."

Sale ... "Most solemn oath."
Rodwell ... "Most binding oath."
Palmer ... "Most strenuous oath."

(16) Mohammad, XLVII, 33

28. "And We will surely test you until We know (Mojáhideena) who did their utmost, and who were the steadfast among you; and We will test the reports."

Sale ... "Who fight valiantly."
Rodwell ... "Valiant."
Palmer ... "Fought valiantly."

"Mojáhid" is not synonymous with "Mokátil"

(17) Battle Array, LXI, 11.