SUMMARY OF CONTENTS.

Page.
[Introduction]i-civ
[Note]cv
[Genealogical Table of the Arabs]cvi-cvii

I. [The persecutions suffered by the early Moslems]1-11
II. [The Meccans or the Koreish]11-16
III. [The defensive character of the wars of Mohammad]16-34
IV. [The Jews]34-40
V. [The Christians or Romans]40-41
VI. [The intolerance]42-51
VII. [The ninth chapter of Sura Barát]51-55
VIII. [The alleged interception of the Koreish caravans by the Moslems]55-60
IX. [The alleged assassinations by the command or connivance of Mohammad]60-76
X. [The alleged cruelty in executing the prisoners of war]76-91
XI. [Some miscellaneous objections refuted]91-114
XII. [The popular Jihád or Crusade]114-161

[Appendix A. The word Jihad in the Koran does not mean warfare]163-192
[Appendix B. Slavery and concubinage not allowed by the Koran]193-223
[Appendix C. Koranic references]225-227
[Index]229-249

TABLE OF CONTENTS

[Introduction]—
Paras.Page.
1.Object of the book[i]
2.Early wrongs of the Moslem; justification in taking uparms, if taken[ii]
3.Commencement of the war; the Koreish being publicenemy were liable to be treated as suchib.
4.But the Moslems could not take up arms to redress theirwrongs under certain circumstances[iii]
5.Moslems otherwise engaged at Medina had no intentionof suffering the horrors of war by taking the initiative,but were in imminent danger from the enemy[iv]
6.The Koreish first attacked the Moslems at Medina. Theycould not forbear the escape of the Moslems[v]
7.Three battles waged by the Koreish against Mohammad—Badr,Ohad, and Ahzáb: these wars on the Moslem sidewere purely in defence, not waged even to redress theirwrongs or re-establish their rights[vii]
8.The battle of Badr was defensive on the part of Mohammad.Reasons for the same[viii]
9.Mohammad at Medina, owing to the attacks, inroads, andthreatening gatherings of the Koreish and other tribes,had hardly time to think of offensive measures[xi]
10.Armed opposition of the Koreish to the Moslem pilgrimsfrom Medina in the vicinity of Mecca. The truce ofHodeibia[xv]
11.The Koreish again commit hostilities and violate theirpledge. War declared against those who had violatedthe truce. War not carried out[xvi]
12.War with foes other than Koreish[xviii]
13.Expedition to Tabúk to check the advancing enemy. Nowar took place[xix]
14.Number of the wars of Mohammad much exaggerated:Ghazava defined; number of actual wars[xx]
15.The Revd. Mr. Green's remarks on the wars of Mohammadcriticised[xxiii]
16.Another view of the wars of Mohammad[xxviii]
17.Caravans if waylaid were waylaid by way of reprisal[xxx]
18.Intolerance; no compulsory conversion enjoined or tookplace during Mohammad's lifetime:
Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted		[xxxi]
19.A brief sketch of the propagation of Islam at Mecca:
Islam at Mecca;
Islam at Abyssinia;
Conversions at Nakhla		[xxxii]
20.Rapid stride of Islam at Medina[xxxvii]
21.The increasing number of Moslem converts at Meccaafter the Hegira[xxxix]
22.Disturbed state of the public peace among the tribessurrounding Medina. Internicine wars, an obstacle tothe propagation of Islam[xl]
23.Sketch of the intertribal wars in Arabia during the lifetimeof Mohammad[xli]
24.Spread of Islam in the surrounding tribes at Medinaafter the Hegira I—VI[xliii]
25.Mecca a barrier against the conversion of the Southerntribes[xliv]
26.Tribal conversions in the sixth year. Conversion amongseveral other tribes of the North and North-east inA.H. VIII[xlv]
27.Surrender of Mecca, A.H. VIII[xlvii]
28.Mecca not compelled to believeib.
29.The wholesale conversion of the remaining tribes,A.H. IX and X[xlviii]
30.The various deputations in the 9th and 10th year of theHegira[li]
31.A list of the deputations of conversion received byMohammad at Medina during A.H. IX and X[li]—lviii
32.All conversions, individual and tribal, were without anycompulsion[lix]
33.Mohammad was not favoured with circumstances roundhim. The difficulty Mohammad encountered in hiswork. Marcus Dods quoted:
Dr. Mohseim's causes of the spread of Islam and Hallam quoted		[lx]—lxv
34.Mohammad's unwavering belief in his own mission andhis success show him to be a true prophet. Mohammad'sefforts established monotheism in Arabia. Hismanly exertions, and his single handed perseverance.The business and office of a prophet described. Sir W.Muir and Stobart quoted[lxv]—lxix
35.The reforms of Mohammad, his iconoclastic policy. Theredemption of Arabia from venal debauchery and infatuatedsuperstition. Muir, Marcus Dods, Stephensquoted[lxix]—lxxvii
36.Indictment against Mohammad. His alleged cruelty andsensuality. Muir, Rev. Hughes, Marcus Dods, andStanley Poole refuted[lxxviii]—lxxxvii
37.Objections to the (1) Finality of the social reforms ofMohammad, (2) positive precepts, (3) ceremonial law,(4) morality, (5) want of adaptability to the varyingcircumstances[lxxxvii]—lxxxix
38.All these objections apply rather to the teaching of theMohammadan Common Law than to the Koran[xc]
39.(1) Finality of social reforms of Mohammad discussed.Intermediary not to be considered final[xc]—xcii
40.(2) Positive precepts and (3) ceremonial law, pilgrimage,Kibla, amount of alms, fasts, forms and attitude ofprayer, &c.: pretentious prayers and ostentatiousalmsgiving[xcii]—xcvii
41.(4) The Koran, both abstract and concrete in morals[xcvii]—cii
42.(5) Adaptability of the Koran to surroundingcircumstances[cii]—ciii
43.Suitability of the Koran to all classes of humanity[ciii]—civ
Note[cv]
Genealogical tables of the tribes mentioned in para. 31 ofthe Introduction[cvi]—cvii
[ALL THE WARS OF MOHAMMAD WERE DEFENSIVE.]

[I.—The Persecution.]
1.The early persecution of Moslems by the people of Mecca[2]
2.Notices of the persecutions in the Koran[4]
3.Insults suffered by Mohammad[5]
4.Historical summary of the persecutions[8]
5.The Hegira, or the expulsion of the Moslems from Mecca[9]
6.The persecution of the Moslems by the Koreish after theirflight from Mecca[11]

[II.—The Meccans or the Koreish.]
7.A Koreish chieftain commits a raid near Medina, A.H. 1ib.
8.The Koreish march to attack Medina. Battle of Badrib.
9.Attack by Abu Sofian upon Medina, A.H. 2[12]
10.Battle of Ohad[12]
11.Mohammad's prestige affected by the defeatib.
12.Abu Sofian threatened the Moslems with another attack nextyear[13]
13.The Koreish again attack Medina with a large army.Mohammad defends the city. The enemy retire. A.H. 5[14]
14.Mohammad with his followers advanced to perform thelesser pilgrimage of Mecca. The Koreish oppose Mohammad,who return disappointed. The treaty of Hodeibia[15]
15.Violation of the treaty by the Koreish and their submission[16]
16.Two other tribes assume the offensiveib.

[III.—The Defensive Character of the Wars.]
17.Verses from the Koran in support of the defensive characterof the wars[25]
18.What the above quoted verses show[26]
19.Justification of the Moslems in taking up arms against theiraggressors[27]
20.The first aggression after the Hegira was not on the partof Mohammad[28]
21.The alleged instances examined[29]
22.Hamza and Obeida's expeditionsib.
23.Abwa, Bowat, and Osheira expeditions[30]
24.The affair at Nakhla[31]
25.At Badr Mohammad came only in his defence[33]
26.The first aggression after the Hegira if from Mohammad,might fairly be looked upon as retaliation[34]

[IV.—The Jews.]
27.The Jews broke treatiesib.
28.Bani Kainukaa, Bani Nazeer, Khyber, and Ghatafán[35]
29.Notice of them in Koran[37]
30.The judgment of Sád[38]
31.Defensive character of the expedition against the Jews ofKhyber[40]

[V.—The Christians or Romans.]
32.Tabúk, the last expeditionib.
33.Description of the wars concluded[41]

[VI.—The Intolerance.]
34.Mohammad never taught intolerance[43]
35.In what sense the wars were religious wars[44]
36.The alleged verses of intolerance explained[45]
37.Sir William Muir quoted[47]
38.Comment on the above quotation[50]
39.Object of Mohammad's wars[51]

[VII.—The Ninth Chapter or Sura Barát.]
40.The opening portion of the IX Sura of the Koran onlyrelates to the Koreish who had violated the truce[55]

[VIII.—The alleged Interceptions of the Koreish Caravans.]
41.The nine alleged interceptions of the Koreish caravans[57]
42.The interceptions were impossible under the circumstancesin which Mohammad was placed[59]
43.The interceptions, if occurred, were justified by way ofreprisal[60]

[IX.—The alleged Assassinations.]
44.Instances of the alleged assassinations cited[61]
45.Mr. Stanley Poole quoted[62]
46.Asma-bint Marwan[63]
47.The story deserves not our belief[64]
48.Abu Afak[65]
49.Kab, son of Ashraf[66]
50.Mohammad could never have had any share in Kab's murder[68]
51.Sofian bin Khalid[69]
52.Justification of Sofian's alleged murder[70]
53.Abu Rafe[72]
54.Oseir bin Zarim[73]
55.The intended assassination of Abu Sofian[74]
56.Irving and Muir quoted; concluding remarks[76]

[X.—The alleged Cruelties in executing Prisoners of War and others.]
57.Treatment of the prisoners of warib.
58.Law of nations regarding the prisoners of war[77]
59.The execution of Nadher Ibn Harith[79]
60.The execution of Okba[80]
61.Free liberty granted to Ozza, a prisoner of war[81]
62.Abul Ozza proved a traitor and was executedib.
63.The execution of Moavia Ibn Mughiraib.
64.Justification of Mughira's execution[82]
65.The intended execution of the prisoners of Badr and thewrong version of Sir W. Muir[83]
66.Mohammad was never blamed in the Koran for releasing prisoners[84]
67.The Koran enjoins the prisoners of war to be either freelyliberated or ransomed, but neither executed nor enslaved[87]
68.High treason of the Bani Koreiza against Medina and theirexecution[88]
69.The whole of the Bani Koreiza were never executedib.
70.The women and children of Bani Koreiza were never sold[89]
71.The exaggerated number of persons executed[91]

[XI.—Some Miscellaneous Objections refuted.]
72.The execution of Omm Kirfa for brigandage[92]
73.The alleged mutilation of the Urnee robbers[93]
74.Amputation or banishment substituted temporarily in place ofimprisonment for want of a well organized system of jails[95]
75.Torture of Kinana[96]
76.The alleged execution of a singing girl[97]
77.The charitable spirit of Mohammad towards his enemies[98]
78.Abu Basir not countenanced by the Prophet in contraventionto the spirit of the treaty of Hodeibia[101]
79.Nueim not employed by the Prophet to circulate false reportsin the enemy's camp[102]
80.Deception in war allowed by the International Lawib.
81.Lecky's standard of morality[104]
82.The alleged permission to kill the Jews[106]
83.Sir W. Muir quoted[108]
84.The expulsion of the Bani Nazeerib.
85.Their fruit-trees were not cut down[109]
86.Females and the treaty of Hodeibia[110]
87.Stanley defended[111]
88.Marriage a strict bond of union[113]

[The Popular Jihád.]
89.The Koran enjoins only defensive wars[114]
90.The Mohammadan Common Law and the Jihád[116]
91.When is Jihád a positive injunctionib.
92.The Hedáya quoted and refuted[117]
93.Rule of interpretation[118]
94.The Common Law and its commentators[119]
95.Kifáya quoted[120]
96.Further quotations[121]
97.The Kifáya refuted[122]
98.S. IX, 5, discussed[123]
99.S. II, 189, discussedib.
100.S. II, 189, and VIII, 40, are defensive[124]
101.All injunctions were local and for the time being[125]
102.Ainee quoted and refutedib.
103.Sarakhsee quoted and refuted[126]
104.Ibn Hajar quoted[128]
105.Ibn Hajar refuted[129]
106.Halabi quotedib.
107.Halabi refuted[132]
108.Ainee again quoted and refutedib.
109.Continuation of the above[133]
110.Traditions quoted and refutedib.
111.Early Moslem legists against the Jihád[134]
112.Biographical sketches of the legists[135]
113.European writers' mistakes[137]
114.Sir W. Muir quoted and refuted[138]
115.Islam not aggressive[139]
116.Mr. Freeman quoted and refuted[140]
117.The Revd. Mr. Stephens quoted and refuted[141]
118.Mr. Bosworth Smith quoted and refuted[143]
119.Mr. George Sale quoted and refutedib.
120.Major Osborn quoted[146]
121.Major Osborn refuted[149]
122.The IX Sura of the Koranib.
123.The Revd. Mr. Wherry quoted[150]
124.Example cited from Jewish history explained[152]
125.Mosaic injunctions[153]
126.The Revd. Mr. Hughes quoted and refuted[154]
127.Meaning of the word Jihád[155]
128.Sura XLVIII, 5, explained[156]
129.The Revd. Malcolm MacColl quoted[157]
130.The untenable theories of the Mohammadan Common Law158-161
[APPENDIX A.]
1.Jihád or Jihd in the Koran does not mean war or crusade[163]
2.Classical meaning of Jihád, &c.[164]
3.Post-classical or technical meaning of Jihád[165]
4.The classical logic and Arabian poetsib.
5.The conjugation and declination of Jahd or Jihád in the Koran[166]
6.The number of instances in which they occur in the Koran[167]
7.In what sense they are used in the Koran[168]
8.Conventional significations of Jihád[169]
9.Mohammadan commentators, &c., quoted[170]
10.When the word Jihád was diverted from its original significationto its figurative meaning of waging religious wars[171]
11.All verses of the Koran containing the word Jihád and itsderivations quoted and explained[176]
12.The above verses quoted with remarks[177]

[The Meccan Suras.]
13.Lokman, XXXI, 14ib.
14.Furkan, XXV, 53, 521[178]
15.The Pilgrimage, XXII, 76, 78ib.
16.The Bee, XVI, 108, 111[179]
17.The Spider, XXIX, 5[180]
18.Ibid, 7ib.
19.Ibid, 69ib.
20.The Bee, XVI, 40[181]
21.Creator, XXXV, 40ib.

[The Medinite Suras.]
22.The Cow or Heifer, II, 215[182]
23.Al Amran, III, 136ib.
24.The Spoils, VIII, 73[183]
25.Ibid. 75ib.
26.Ibid. 76ib.
27.The Cattle, VI, 109ib.
28.Mohammad, XLVII, 33[184]
29.Battle Array, LXI, 11ib.
30.Woman. IV. 97[185]
31.Light. XXIV, 52ib.
32.The Forbidding. LXVI, 9ib.
33.The Immunity. IX, 74[186]
36.The Tried, LX, 1[187]
35.Hatib's Story[188]
36.The Apartment, XLIX, 15ib.
37.The Immunity, IX, 16ib.
38.Ibid. 19ib.
39.Ibid, 20[189]
40.Ibid, 24ib.
41.Ibid, 41ib.
42.Ibid, 44[190]
43.Ibid, 82ib.
44.Ibid, 87ib.
45.Ibid, 89[191]
46.The Table, V, 39ib.
47.Ibid, 58ib.
48.Ibid, 59ib.
49.Jihád does not mean the waging of war[192]
50.Katal and Kitálib.
51.Conclusionib.
[APPENDIX B.]
1.Slavery and concubinage not allowed by the Koran[193]
2.Measures taken by the Koran to abolish future slavery[194]
3.None of the prisoners of war was enslaved[196]
4.Bani Koreiza not enslaved[198]
5.Rihana[201]
6.Omar, the second Khalif, liberated all the Arab slaves[202]
7.Concubinage[203]
8.Maria the Coptic[204]
9.Despatch of Mokowkas[205]
10&11.Maria neither a slave nor a concubine[207]
12.Maria had no son[209]
13.The story of Maria and Haphsa a spurious one[211]
14.The affair not noticed in the early biographies[212]
15.Sir W. Muir's authority not validib.
16.The best commentators and traditionalists refute the story[214]
17.The story not accredited by the Koranib.
18.The story when fabricatedib.
19.Zeinab's case[215]
20.The story a spurious one[216]
21.Sir W. Muir's conjectures not justified[217]
22.A wrong translation of Sir W. Muir[219]
23.In Zeinab's case no exceptional privilege was secured[220]
24.The false story traced to Mukatilib.
25.Katádas conjectural interpretation not warranted[222]
26.Other conjectures[223]
[APPENDIX C.]
I.—The verses of the Koran referring to the persecution ofthe Koreish at Mecca[225]
II.—The verses of the Koran referring to the aggressions ofthe Koreish at Medina as well as those of the inhabitantsthereofib.
III.—The verses of the Koran alluding to the wars of defenceagainst the Koreish and Arabs, &c., with several referencesto their aggressionsib.
IV.—The verses of the Koran alluding to the various battles[226]

INTRODUCTION.