The ensuing day, the 5th of April, at three o’clock in the afternoon, we set fire, in a minute and a half, at 150 feet distance, to a plank sulphured and mixed with coals, with 154 glasses. When the sun is powerful, only a few seconds is required to produce inflammation.
The 10th of April in the afternoon, the sun being bright, we set fire to a fir plank at 150 feet distance, with only 128 glasses: the inflammation was very sudden, and made in all the extent of the focus, which was about sixteen inches diameter at this distance.
The same day, at half past two o’clock, we threw the fire on another plank, partly pitched and covered with sulphur in some places: the inflammation was made very suddenly; it began by the parts of the wood which were uncovered, and the fire was so violent, that the plank was obliged to be dipt in water to extinguish it: there were 148 glasses at 150 feet distance.
The eleventh of April, the focus being only 20 feet distant from the mirror, it only required 12 glasses to inflame small combustible matters; with 21 glasses we set fire to another plank which had already been partly burnt; with 45 glasses we melted a block of tin of 6lb. weight; and with 117 glasses we melted thin pieces of silver, and reddened an iron plate; and I am also persuaded, that by using all the glasses of the mirror we should have been enabled to have melted metals at 50 feet distance; and as the focus at this distance was six or seven inches broad, we should be able to make trials on all metals, which it was not possible to do with common mirrors, whose focus is either very weak or 100 times smaller than that of mine. I have remarked, that metals, and especially silver, smoke much before they melt; the smoke was so striking that it shaded the ground, and it was there I looked on it attentively, for it is not possible to look a moment on the focus when it falls on the me tal, the lustre being much more dazzling than that of the sun.
The experiments which I have here related, and which were made immediately after the invention of the mirrors, have been followed by a great number of others, which confirm them. I have set fire to wood at 210 feet distance with this mirror, by the sun in summer; and I am certain, that with four similar mirrors I could burn at 400 feet, and, perhaps, at a greater distance. I have likewise, melted all metals, and metallic minerals, at 25, 30, and 40 feet. We shall find, in the course of this article, the uses to which these mirrors can be applied, and the limits that must be assigned to their power for calcination, combustion, fusion, &c.[F]
[F] It requires about half an hour to mount the mirror and to make all the images fall on the same point; but when this is once adjusted, it may be used at all times by simply drawing a curtain.
This mirror burns according to the different inclination given it, and what gave it this advantage over the common reflecting mirrors was that its focus was very distant, and had so little curvature, that it was almost imperceptible: it was seven feet broad by eight feet high, which makes about the 150th part of the circumference of the sphere, when we burn at 150 feet distance.
The reason that determined me to prefer glasses of six inches broad by eight inches high to square glasses of six or eight inches, was, that it is much more commodious to make experiments upon a horizontal and level ground than otherwise, and that with this figure, the height of which exceeded the breadth, the images were rounder; whereas with square glasses they would be shortened, especially at small distances, in a horizontal situation.
This discovery furnishes us with many useful hints for physic, and perhaps for the arts. We know that what renders common reflecting mirrors most useless for experiments is, that they burn almost always upwards, and that we are greatly embarrassed to find means to suspend or support to their focus matters to be melted or calcined. By means of my mirror we burn concave mirrors downwards, and with so great an advantage that we have what degree of heat we please; for example, by opposing to my mirror a concave one of a foot square in the surface, the heat produced to this last mirror, by using 154 glasses only, will be upwards of 12 times greater than that generally produced, and the effect will be the same as if 12 suns existed instead of one, or rather as if the sun had 12 times more heat.