History of the Discovery of the Northwest by John Nicolet in 1634 / With a Sketch of his Life

by Consul Willshire Butterfield

INDEX.

• Algonquins, [viii], [17], [36], [42], [60], [62], [69], [70], [77], [87].
• Algonquins of the Isles des Allumettes, [18], [28], [29], [46].
• Alizon, M., [95], [100].
• Allouez, Father Claudius, [64], [67], [69].
• Amikoüai, "Nation of the Beaver," [50], [51], [54].
• An account of the French settlements in North America (1746), cited, [32].
• Assiniboins, not visited by Nicolet, [71].
• Atchiligoüan, an Algonquin nation, [50].
• A8eatsi8aenrrhonon (Aweatsiwaerrhonon), Huron name for the Winnebagoes, [45], [46], [60].
• Bay des Puants (Baie des Puants). See [Green Bay].
• [Beaver Nation], [45], [48], [50], [51], [54], [63].
• Bonhomme, Nicholas, [98].
• Brébeuf, John de, [20], [24], [41], [46], [100].
• Buteux, Father James, [78], [80], [93], [94], [95], [96], [97].
• Cabot, John, [viii], [ix].
• Cabot, Sebastian, [ix].
• Caens, the, [21].
• Capitanal, a Montagnais chief, [93].
• Cartier, James, [11], [12], [13], [14], [15].
• Champlain, Samuel, makes, in 1603, a survey of the St. Lawrence, [16];
• in 1608, founds Quebec, [17];
• attacks the Iroquois, in 1609, [ib.];
• returns, in 1610, to France, [18];
• in 1611 again reaches the St. Lawrence, [ib.];
• soon sails back to France, [ib.];
• in 1613, once more reaches the St. Lawrence, [ib.];
• explores the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, [ib.];
• embarks for France, [ib.];
• in 1615, again sails for New France, [19];
• visits the Hurons, [ib.];
• attacks, with those Indians, the Iroquois, [ib.];
• returns to Quebec, [20];
• a new government for New France, [21];
• Champlain one of the Hundred Associates, [22];
• he defends Quebec against the English, [23];
• next year he surrenders the town, [ib.];
• taken a prisoner to England, [24];
• in 1633, resumes command in New France, [ib.];
• resolves to explore the west, [ib.];
• in 1634, sends Nicolet to the Winnebagoes, [39];
• death of Champlain, [75].
• Champlain's Map of 1632, referred to, [31], [35], [36], [38], [51], [52], [53], [54], [62], [64], [66], [70].
• Champlain's Voyages of 1613, cited, [36];
• Voyages of 1632, cited, [36], [38], [51], [52], [64], [66], [73].
• Charlevoix' Carte des Lacs du Canada, referred to, [57];
• also, his Nouvelle France, [ib.]
• Chauvin, a captain of the French marine, [15].
• Cheveux Relevés (Standing Hair—Ottawas), [52], [53], [54], [73].
• [Chippewas], [38], [53], [54], [55], [90], [91].
• Cioux. See [Sioux].
• Columbus, Christopher, [viii].
• Company of New France, [21].
• Copper and copper mine early known to the Indians, [36].
• Cortereal, Gaspar, [ix].
• Couillard, Guillaume, [82].
• Couillard, Marguerite, [81], [84], [94], [98], [99], [100].
• Coureurs de bois, [41].
• Cressé, M., [90].
• Crevier, François, [97].
• Dakotas (Dacotahs.—See [Sioux]), [viii], [62], [71].
• Daniel, Antoine, a Jesuit priest, [41], [80].
• Davost, a Jesuit, [41].
• De Caen, Émery, [20], [24], [32].
• De Caen, William, [20].
• De Champfleur, François, [98].
• De Chasteaufort, Bras-de-fer, [75].
• De Courtemanche, Augustin le, [84].
• De Gand, François Derré, [82].
• Delaplace, Jacques, [94].
• De la Roche, the Marquis, [15].
• De la Roque, John Francis, see [Lord of Roberval].
• De Laubin, M., [90].
• De Malapart, M., [95].
• De Maupertuis, M., [93].
• De Repentigny, Jean-Baptiste Le Gardeur, [84].
• Des Gens Puants (Des Gens Puans—Des Puants—Des Puans). See [Winnebagoes].
• Des Roches, M., [85], [88].
• Du Creux' Hist. of Canada (Historia Canadensis), cited, [29], [60], [100], et seq.
• Du Creux' Map of 1660, referred to, [51], [53], [55], [73].
• Enitajghe, Iroquois name for Green Bay, [56].
• Estiaghicks, Iroquois name of the Chippewas, [53].
• Ferland's Cours d'Histoire du Canada, cited, [27], [82], [89];
• also, his Notes sur les Registres de Notre-Dame de Québec, [27], [82], [85].
• Fire Nations (Les Gens de Feu). See [Mascoutins].
• Foster's Mississippi Valley, cited, [59].
• Fox Indians (Outagamis—Les Renards—Musquakies), [64], [65], [66].
• [Fox River] of Green Bay, [61], [64], [66], [67], [68], [70].
• Fur-trade, the, [22].
• Gens de Mer (Gens de Eaux de Mer). See [Winnebagoes].
• Godefroy, Jean, [94], [95].
• Godefroy, Louis, [95].
• Godefroy, Thomas, [96].
• Gravier's Découvertes et Établissement de Cavalier de la Salle, cited, [82];
• his Map by Joliet, referred to, [55], [59].
• [Green Bay], [56], [60], [62], [69], [70].
• Guitet, a notary, records of, [27], [82].
• Hébert, Guillaume, [82].
• Hébert, Guillemette, [82].
• Hertel, François, [99].
• Hertel, Jacques, [99].
• Horoji (Hochungara—Winnebagoes), [60].
• Huboust, Guillaume, [82].
• Hundred Associates (Hundred Partners), [21], [22], [23], [24], [25], [31], [39], [42], [76], [82].
• Hurons, [17], [19], [21], [23], [36], [42], [43], [47], [48], [49], [51], [62], [63], [69], [76], [77], [102], [103].
• Illinois (Indians), [70].
• Iroquois, [17], [18], [20], [29], [38], [44], [51], [76].
• Jesuit Relations, cited:
• 1633—[93];
• 1635—[44], [46], [93];
• 1636—[30], [45], [60], [77], [78], [79], [80];
• 1637—[78], [80], [81];
• 1638—[80];
• 1639—[60];
• 1640—[38], [45], [48], [50], [51], [53], [56], [57], [62], [67], [68], [69], [70], [72], [73];
• 1641—[82];
• 1642—[53];
• 1643—[26], [27], [28], [30], [47], [48], [49], [58], [60], [62], [72], [74], [78], [83], [84], [85], [86], [87], [88];
• 1648—[38], [53];
• 1654—[38], [69];
• 1656—[62], [70];
• 1670—[64], [67], [69];
• 1671—[53], [56], [64].
• Jesuit Relations, the, [27].
• Jesuits, the, [68], [80], [85].
• Joliet, Jean, [96].
• Joliet, Louis, [68], [69], [96].
• Joques, Father Isaac, [91], [97].
• Juchereau, Noël, [82].
• Kaukauna, town of, [65].
• Kickapoos (Kikabou, Kikapou, Quicapou, Kickapoux, Kickapous, Kikapoux, Quicpouz), [67].
• Kirk, David, [23].
• La Baye (La Baye des Eaux Puantes—La Grande Baie—La Baye des Puans—Lay Baye des Puants). See [Green Bay].
• Lake Michigan (Lake of the Illinois—Lake St. Joseph—Lake Dauphin—Lac des Illinois—Lac Missihiganin—Magnus Lacus Algonquinorum), [55], [56], [66], [69], [70], [72].
• Lake Superior, [54].
• Lake Winnebago (Lake of the Puants—Lake St. Francis), [62], [65].
• La Marchand, Jeanne, [99].
• La Mêlée, Christopher Crevier, Sieur de, [97].
• La Mer, Marguerite, [27].
• La Mer, Maria, [27].
• La Nation des Puans (La Nation des Puants). See [Winnebagoes].
• La Nouë, Annie de, [24], [41].
• La Porte, Pierre de, [82].
• La Vallée, Claude, [99].
• Laverdière's Reprint of Champlain's Works, referred to, [36].
• Le Caron, Father Joseph, [19], [20].
• Le Jeune, Paul, [24], [41], [80].
• Le Neuf, family of, [94].
• Le Neuf, Maria, [94], [95], [98].
• Les Folles Avoine. See [Menomonees].
• Le Tardif, Olivier, [82], [83], [84], [103].
• Lippincott's Gazetteer, cited, [33].
• [Lord of Roberval], [14], [15].
• Macard, Nicolas, [84], [100].
• Mackinaw, Straits of, [55].
• Manitoulin Islands, [50], [51].
• [Mantoue] (Mantoueouee—Makoueoue), tribe of, [56].
• Margry, Pierre, in Journal Général de l'Instruction Publique, [29], [72], [84].
• Marguerie, François, [95], [99].
• Marguerie, Maria, [99].
• Marquette, Father James, [68], [69].
• Marsolet, Nicolas, [84], [100].
• [Mascoutins] (Macoutins—Mascoutens—Maskeutens—Maskouteins—Musquetens—Machkoutens—Maskoutench—Machkoutenck—Les Gens de Feu—The Fire Nation—Assistagueronons—Assistaehronons), [51], [52], [63], [64], [65], [66], [67], [68], [69], [70].
• Masse, the Jesuit, [41].
• [Menomonees] (Maromine—Malhominies—Les Folles Avoine), [57], [58].
• Miamis, [67].
• Michigan, signification of the word, [65].
• Mississippi, meaning of the word, [67].
• Montmagnais, [36], [41].
• Montmagny, M. de, [70], [75], [76], [77], [105].
• Nantoue. See [Mantoue].
• Nation des Puans (Nation des Puants—Nation of Stinkards). See [Winnebagoes].
• Nation du Castor (Nation of Beavers). See [Beaver Nation].
• Nation of the Sault. See [Chippewas].
• Nenascoumat, an Indian chief, [95].
• Neutral Nation, [51], [61], [65].
• Nez Percés (Naiz percez). See [Beaver Nation].
• Nicolet, Gilles, [88], [89].
• Nicolet, John, arrives in New France, [26];
• sent by Champlain, in 1618, to the Algonquins of Isle des Allumettes, [28];
• goes on a mission of peace to the Iroquois, [29];
• takes up his residence with the Nipissings, [ib.];
• recalled by the government to Quebec, [30];
• employed as interpreter, [ib.];
• Champlain resolves to send him on a western exploration, [33];
• Nicolet had heard of the Winnebagoes, [39];
• prepares, in June, 1634, to visit this and other nations, [40];
• starts upon his journey, [42];
• why it must have been in 1634 that Nicolet made his westward exploration, [ib.], et seq.;
• travels up the Ottawa to the Isle des Allumettes, [46];
• goes hence to the Huron villages, [47];
• object of his mission there, [48];
• starts for the Winnebagoes, [49];
• reaches Sault Sainte Marie, [51];
• did he see Lake Superior? [54];
• discovers Lake Michigan, [55];
• arrives at the Menomonee river, [56];
• ascends Green Bay to the homes of the Winnebagoes, [60];
• has a great feast with the Indians, [62];
• goes up Fox river to the Mascoutins, [63];
• visits the Illinois tribe, [71];
• returns to the Winnebagoes, [ib.];
• Nicolet's homeward trip in 1635—he calls upon the Pottawattamies, [72];
• stops at the Great Manatoulin to see a band of Ottawas, [78];
• reaches the St. Lawrence in safety, [74];
• settles at Three Rivers as interpreter, [77];
• his kindness to the Indians, [78];
• has a narrow escape from drowning, [81];
• helps defend Three Rivers from an Iroquois attack, [ib.];
• his marriage, [ib.];
• goes to Quebec, [82];
• becomes General Commissary of the Hundred Partners, [ib.];
• embarks for Three Rivers, [83];
• his death, [84];
• Frenchmen and Indians alike mourn his fate, [87];
• his memory perpetuated, [89];
• his energetic character, [90];
• mention of him in the parish register of Three Rivers, [93], et seq.;
• first connected sketch published of his life and exploration, [100], et seq.
• Nicolet, Madame, [95], [96].
• Nicolet, Pierre, [89].
• Nicolet, Thomas, [27].
• Nipissings (Nipisiriniens), [29], [30], [31], [43], [47].
• [Noquets], [56].
• O'Callaghan's Doc. Hist. of New York, referred to, [36];
• his N. Y. Col. Doc., cited, [51].
• Ojibwas. See [Chippewas].
• Otchagras (Ochungarand). See [Winnebagoes].
• Otchipwes. See [Chippewas].
• [Ottawas], [50], [52], [54], [65], [66], [73].
• Ouasouarim, [50].
• Oumalouminek (Oumaominiecs). See [Menomonees].
• Oumisagai, [51], [54].
• "Ounipeg," signification of, [38].
• Ounipigou. See [Winnebagoes].
• Outaouan. See [Ottawas].
• Outchougai, [50].
• Parkman's Jesuits in North America, cited, [41], [43], [46], [80];
• also, his La Salle and the Discovery of the Great West, [38], [58];
• and his Pioneers of France in the New World, [52].
• "People of the Falls." See [Chippewas].
• "People of the Sea." See [Winnebagoes].
• Perot, Nicolas, [84].
• [Petun Nation], [51], [52].
• Pijart, Claudius, [96].
• Poncet, Josephus, [98], [99].
• Pontgravé, merchant, [15].
• Pottawattamies, [71].
• Quentin, Father Claude, [77], [78], [79], [93].
• Racine, Claude, [82].
• Racine, Etienne, [82].
• Raratwaus. See [Chippewas].
• Raymbault, Father Charles, [83], [86], [91], [97], [101].
• Richelieu, Cardinal, [21].
• River des Puans (River of the Puants—River St. Francis). See [Fox river].
• Rollet, Marie, [82].
• Roquai. See [Noquets].
• Sacs (Sauks—Saukis—Sakys), [64].
• Sagard's Histoire du Canada, cited, [38].
• Sault de Sainte Marie, [51].
• Sault Sainte Marie, town of, [54], [72], [97].
• Sauteurs (Stiagigroone). See [Chippewas].
• Savigny (Chavigny), [83], [84], [85], [86], [104].
• Schoolcraft's Thirty Years with the Indian Tribes, cited, [59].
• "Sea-Tribe." See [Winnebagoes].
• Shea, John Gilmary, in Wis. Hist. Soc. Coll., [73].
• Shea's Catholic Missions, cited, [53];
• also, his Discovery and Exploration of the Mississippi Valley, [38], [45], [59], [63], [100];
• and his Hennepin, [67].
• Sillery, mission of, founded, [70].
• [Sioux] (Dacotas), [37], [62], [71].
• Smith's History of Wisconsin, cited, [27], [38], [73].
• Standing Hair, the. See [Ottawas].
• St. Croix Fort, established, [32].
• Sulte, Benjamin, in L'Opinion Publique, [68], [90].
• Sulte's Chronique Trifluvienne, cited, [31];
• also, his Mélanges d'Histoire et de Littérature, [43], [84], [89].
• "The Men of the Shallow Cataract." See [Chippewas].
• Three Rivers, parish church register of, [44], [45], [93], et seq.
• Three Rivers, town of, [31], [32], [33], [42], [45], [74], [77], [78], [79], [82], [83], [86], [103].
• Tobacco Nation. See [Petun Nation].
• Verrazzano, John, [ix].
• [Winnebagoes], [viii], [37], [38], [39], [42], [43], [44], [45], [46], [48], [49], [50], [57], [58], [60], [61], [62], [63], [64], [71], [72], [74], [77].
• Wisconsin, derivation of the word, [59].
• Wisconsin river, [59], [61], [68].
• Woodman, Cyrus, [27].
• Woolf river, [65], [66].

---

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Footnotes

[1] Ancestors of the present Winnebagoes.

[2] The proper spelling is "Nicolet," not "Nicollet," nor "Nicollett." The correct pronunciation is "Nick-o-lay." The people of the province of Quebec all pronounce the name "Nicollette," though improperly, the same as the word would be pronounced by English-speaking people if it were spelled "Nick-o-let." But it is now invariably written by them "Nicolet."

[3] Vimont, Relation, 1643 (Quebec edition, 1858), p. 3. The Jesuits, intent upon pushing their fields of labor far into the heart of the continent, let slip no opportunity after their arrival upon the St. Lawrence to inform themselves concerning ulterior regions; and the information thus obtained was noted down by them. They minutely described, during a period of forty years, beginning with the year 1632, the various tribes they came in contact with; and their hopes and fears as to Christianizing them were freely expressed. Accounts of their journeys were elaborated upon, and their missionary work put upon record. Prominent persons, as well as important events, shared their attention. Details concerning the geography of the country were also written out. The intelligence thus collected was sent every summer by the superiors to the provincials at Paris, where it was yearly published, in the French language. Taken together, these publications constitute what are known as the Jesuit Relations. They have been collected and republished in the same language, at Quebec, by the Canadian government, in three large volumes. As these are more accessible to the general reader in this form than in the original (Cramoisy) editions, they are cited in this narrative.