LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS, ETC.

PAGE
Pl.I,Fig.1.Coast of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan[inside cover atbeginning]
„II,„2.Map of Red Sea„ „ „[end]
„III,„3.A sandstorm[frontispiece]
Fig.4.Plan of Suakin harbour etc.[11]
„5.Suakin, the Customs House andGovernment buildings[„]
Pl.IV,Fig.6.Suakin, a mosque (Photo. by W. H.Lake, Esq.)to face[13]
„V,„7.„the causeway and town gate„[14]
„V,„8.„one of Kitchener’s forts„[„]
„V,„9.Sunset on the Red Sea„[„]
„VI,„10.Portrait of a young Hamite„[15]
„VII,„11.An Arabian Sea captain„[16]
„VII,„12.A Bishari„[„]
„VII,„13.Negro ex-slave„[„]
„VIII,„14.Old Mabrûk, from Zanzibar„[20]
„VIII,„15.Hamitic woman„[„]
„IX,„16.Elderly Bishari„[23]
„X,„17.A veteran seaman„[25]
„X,„18.Mutton fat hair dressing„[„]
„X,„19.Daggers and amulet„[„]
„X,„20.A woman’s hand„[„]
„XI,„21.Our camel postman with native arms„[28]
„XII,„22.Prayer at a Shêkh’s grave„[36]
„XII,„23.Boys with amulets and lucky stone„[„]
„XIII,„24.A prophet’s tomb„[38]
„XIII,„25.A mediaeval tomb„[„]
„XIV,Figs. 26 and 27.Water carriers„[50]
„XV,Fig.28.Tent houses„[54]
„XVI,„29.Goats feeding on thorn bushes„[56]
„XVI,Figs. 30 and 31.Native utensils„[„]
„XVII,„32 and 33.Arabian sword dance„[57]
„XVII,Fig.34.Hamitic wedding dance„[„]
Pl.XVIII,„35.Pearling canoes under sail„[60]
„XVIII,„36.A pilgrim sambûk„[„]
Fig.37.Outline of rigging of asambûk[„]
„38.Diagram of halyard[61]
„39.Laden sambûk under sail[62]
Pl.XIX,Fig.40.Hamitic fishermanto face[65]
„XIX,„41.Small pearling gatîra„[„]
„XIX,„42.Large pearling sambûk with tencanoes„[„]
„XX,Figs. 43 to 46.The operations of a pearl fisher„[66]
„XXI,Fig.47.Pearl-divers„[71]
„XXII,„48.Spinning goats’ hair„[74]
„XXIII,„49.Weaving hair cloth„[80]
„XXIII,„50.A marriageable girl„[„]
„XXIV,„51.Baby girl with lamb„[82]
„XXV,Figs. 52 to 57.Sea-anemones and corals„[84]
„XXVI,Fig.58.Some stony corals„[88]
„XXVII,„59.A simple colonial coral„[89]
„XXVIII,„60.Common reef building corals„[91]
„XXIX,Figs. 61 to 63.The mushroom corals„[92]
„XXX,„64 and 65.Stony seaweeds„[100]
„XXXI,„66 to 70.Corals bored by molluscs and sponges„[102]
Diagram 1.Features of a fringing reef[104]
Pl.XXXII,Fig.71.Reef flat and undercut cliffs,Rawayato face[104]
Diagram 2.The building of a reef[105]
„3.Further growth of the reef[106]
„4.The abrasion of the coast[„]
„5.Formation of fringing reef[107]
Pl.XXXIII,Fig.72.Portion of a reef flatto face[108]
„XXXIII,„73.The under surface of the samestone„[„]
„XXXIV,„74.A fringing reef in sandstone, CapeVerde Islands„[110]
„XXXIV,„75.Embryo reef near Alexandria„[„]
„XXXV,Figs. 76 and 77.Cliffs of “coral rag” in Zanzibar„[112]
Diagram 6.Formation of atoll by directgrowth. (From Fowler’s Science of the Sea: J. Murray)[115]
„7.Formation of a rift valley[122]
„8.Atoll growing on summit of avolcanic mound. (From Fowler’s Science of the Sea: J.Murray)[124]
Fig.78.Coast of the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan[126]
Pl.XXXVI,Fig.79.Yemêna oasis on the maritime plainto face[128]
Pl.XXXVII,Figs. 80 and 81.Corals on summit of Jebel Têtâwib„[129]
„XXXVIII,„82 „ 83.Two views in Yemêna ravine„[131]
Fig.84.Map of reefs off Port Sudan[137]
Diagram 9.Section through Rawaya and Makawar[138]
Fig.85.Map of Rawaya, etc[139]
Diagram 10.Levelling action of the sea[140]
Pl.XXXIX,Figs. 86 and 87.Two views on Rawayato face[140]
Diagram 11.Reefs off Ras Salak[142]
Pl.XL,Fig.88.In a fault ravine of Abu Shagaratoto face[143]
Fig.89.Sketch of Jebel Têtâwib, coral andgypsum beds[144]
Diagram 12.Three steps on side of Red Sea RiftValley[145]
Figs. 90 and 91.Types of harbours[147-8]

ERRATA

p.88.For Hydniopora read Hydnopora.
p.120.Halaib is a name unknown to natives, who call the place Olê. From this the official name is derived through Arab orthography probably. The Arabic alphabet is the best possible for its own language, and the worst for any other.

PART I

CHAPTER I
THE SUDAN COAST

In thinking of an unknown place it is inevitable that some image should rise in the mind and recur until it is finally shattered by the revelation of its almost total falsity which a visit to that country brings about. My own imaginings, based on what I had seen in passing through the Red Sea on my way to Zanzibar, were fantastically unreal. I saw blue mountain tops like jagged teeth appearing over the horizon at sunset, and combining these with what I had seen of the reefs and islands of the Gulf of Suez and Bab-el-Mandeb, it came as a shock, some years later, to find that the essential of life on the coast is the great maritime plain, the mountains remaining in the distance, still inaccessible for me.