Races and Peoples: Lectures on the Science of Ethnography

by Daniel G. Brinton

• Abyssinians, [135].
• Acclimation, [278].
• Adals, [131].
• Aetas, [35], [224].
• Afars, [131].
• Affection, [55].
• Africa, derivation, [122].
• Agaonas, [131].
• Agathyrsi, [166].
• Agriculture, [72].
• Ainos, [33], [216].
• Afghans, [168].
• Akka, [178], [179].
• Albanians, [152], [158].
• Albinism, [45].
• Aleutians, [216], [250].
• Alfurese, [233], [234].
• Alemanni, [163].
• Algonkins, [252].
• Allophyllic stocks, [114].
• Amalgamation, [283].
• Amhara, [135].
• American Indians, [71], [247], [293].
• American religions, [71].
• American race, [247], [281], [293].
• Amorites, [126].
• Amoshagh, [122].
• Ancestral worship, [56], [68].
• Andaman islands, [224].
• Angles, [163].
• Anglo-American, [164].
• Animals, domestic, [72].
• Animism, [68].
• Annamese, [206].
• Apaches, [251].
• Apes, extinct, [84].
• Aquitanians, [143].
• Arabia Felix, [134].
• Arabians, [125], [133].
• Arameans, [137].
• Araucarians, [275].
• Arawaks, [268].
• Architecture, [72].
• Areas of characterization, [94].
• Armenians, [167].
• Armorican, [154].
• Arms, length of, [28].
• Arnauts, [158].
• Arrow releases, [34].
• Aryac stock, [144].
• Aryac migration, [153].
• Aryans, origin of, [144].
• Aryo-Semitic stock, [150], [299].
• Ashanti, [185].
• Asia, [89].
• Asian race, the, [195], [281].
• Assyrians, [126], [130], [150].
• Athapascans, [251].
• Atlas mountains, [89], [112].
• Attila, [210].
• Austafrica, [89].
• Austafrican race, [98], [173], [296].
• Australians, [33], [35], [43], [46], [53], [55], [239], [240].
• Auvergnats, [107].
• Avars, [171], [210].
• Avesta, the, [145], [167].
• Aymaras, [272].
• Aztecs, [259].
• Baber, [209].
• Bactrians, [167].
• Bambaras, [184].
• Baniuns, [183].
• Bantu group, [189].
• Barabras, [187].
• Barbari, [121].
• Baris, [181].
• Basques, [107], [111], [112], [142], [143].
• Battaks, [233], [234].
• Batuas, [178].
• Bedawins, [133].
• Bechuanas, [189], [192].
• Bedjas, [131].
• Berbers, [112], [116], [118], [121], [157], [183].
• Beluchis, [168].
• Bertas, [187].
• Bhillas, [244].
• Bhotan, [205].
• Biddumas, [182].
• Bilins, [131].
• Birmans, [205].
• Birthplace of species, [82].
• Black Caribs, [285].
• Blondes, [147], [163].
• Boadicea, [107].
• Bohemians, [165].
• Boru Island, [236].
• Brahmans, [153], [169].
• Brahmanism, [170].
• Brahui, [243].
• Brains, size of, [26].
• Brebres, [121].
• Bretons, [107], [155].
• Briges, [167].
• Bretons, [107].
• Bronze, Asian, [145].
• Brunettes, [147], [163].
• Buddhism, [69], [70], [170], [201].
• Bugis, [233].
• Bulgarians, [165], [210].
• Burgundians, [163].
• Bushmen, [177], [179], [214].
• Caddoes, [255].
• Caffres, [189].
• Cafusos, [33], [284].
• Caledonians, [107].
• Calf of leg, [33].
• Cambodia, [170].
• Cambodians, [206].
• Canaanites, [126].
• Canarese, [244].
• Canon of proportion, [36].
• Cantabrians, [121], [143].
• Carians, [159].
• Caribs, [268], [285].
• Carthaginians, [120], [125], [130].
• Caste, [170].
• Caucasic stock, [170].
• “Caucasian” race, [172].
• Caucasus, [105], [112].
• Celt-Indic stock, [144].
• Celtic peoples, [154].
• Celtic type, [107].
• Celts, [107], [111], [150], [151].
• Celtiberians, [121].
• Ceylon, [222].
• Chaco, the, [271].
• Chaldeans, [137], [199].
• Changallas, [181].
• Chata-Muskokis, [254].
• Chepewyans, [251].
• Chibchas, [271].
• Chilluks, [181].
• Chinese, the, [198].
• Chinos, [285].
• Chiriqui, [267].
• Chukchis, [214], [215].
• Circassians, [171].
• Civilization, [101], [288].
• Climate, [40].
• Cochin-China, [205].
• Color in race, [29].
• Color of skin, [30].
• Color of eyes, [32].
• Color sense, [36].
• Comanches, [257].
• Commerce, pre-historic, [75].
• Communal marriage, [53].
• Confucius, [202].
• Congo, the, [177], [178], [189], [190].
• Coptic, [120], [127], [150].
• Cossacks, [210].
• Craniology, [19].
• Creeks, [255].
• Criteria of superiority, [47].
• Croatians, [165].
• Culture defined, [101].
• Cuneiform writing, [126].
• Cyclopean walls, [160].
• Cymri, [108], [112].
• Cymric, [107], [155].
• Cypriotes, [130].
• Cyprus, [159].
• Czechs, [165].
• Dacians, [158], [166].
• Daghestan, [171].
• Dahomey, [185].
• Dakotas, [254].
• Dalmatians, [165].
• Danakils, [131].
• Danes, [163].
• Dayaks, [233], [234].
• Deluge myth, [114], [144].
• Destiny of Races, [292].
• Dinkas, [181].
• Disease in races, [39].
• Djats, [169].
• Djurjura, [111], [119].
• Dravidians, [169], [239], [243], [284].
• Dryopithecus, the, [84].
• Easter Island, [236], [238].
• Egypt, stone age, [129].
• Egyptians, [42], [120], [121], [123], [127].
• Ehkilis, [133], [134].
• Eranic peoples, [166].
• Eskimos, [21], [54], [215], [249].
• Esthonians, [212].
• Ethical standards, [58].
• Ethics, primitive, [59].
• Ethiopia, [177].
• Ethiopians, [135].
• Ethnic psychology, [52].
• Ethnographic scheme, [99].
• Etruscans, [124], [130], [155], [156].
• Eurafrica, [89].
• Eurafrican Race, [97], [103], [298].
• Eurasia, [89], [196].
• Eurasians, [107], [112].
• Euskaric stock, [142].
• Euskaric type, [159].
• Evolution, [80], [81].
• Exogamy, [43], [46].
• Eyes, orbits of, [23]; color, [31].
• Facial angle, [24].
• Fans, [188].
• Fanti, [185].
• Fellahs, [188].
• Fellata, [183].
• Fetichism, [68].
• Fine arts, [73].
• Finnic group, [211].
• Finns, [212].
• Finno-Ugric, [206].
• Flatheads, [23].
• Folk-lore, [82].
• Food, [40].
• Formosa, [224].
• Franks, [163].
• French, [156].
• Friendship, [55].
• Fuegians, [53], [271].
• Fundjas, [187].
• Gaelic, [154].
• Gando, [183].
• Gallas, [131].
• Gauls, [107].
• Geez, [135].
• Genghis Khan, [209].
• Gens, [56], [57].
• Geographical provinces, [95].
• Georgians, [171].
• Germany, [157].
• Germans, [163].
• Getulians, [116].
• Ghadames, [116].
• Ghanata, [176].
• Ghiliaks, [215].
• Glacial age, [91].
• Gondwana, [222].
• Goths, [112], [125], [163].
• Great Mogul, [209].
• Greek language, [160].
• Greeks, [45].
• Gaunches, [116], [117], [122], [130].
• Guinea, [184].
• Gypsies, [169].
• Hadramaut, [134], [136].
• Haidahs, [257].
• Hair, the, [32].
• Hamitic stock, [115].
• Harrari, [135].
• Haussas, [182].
• Heart line, [29].
• Hebrews, [139].
• Heel, in negroes, [28].
• Hellenic peoples, [159].
• Heterogenesis, [81].
• Himyarites, [133], [186].
• Hindoos, [169].
• Hittites, [126], [214].
• Hottentots, [35], [177], [179].
• Hovas, [233].
• Huns, [210].
• Hunzas, [169].
• Iarbas, [122].
• Iberi, [121], [122], [143].
• Iberian peninsula, [121], [157].
• Illyrians, [152], [158].
• Illyric peoples, [158].
• Inca bone, [23].
• “Indians,” [247].
• Indo-Chinese, [205].
• Indo-Eranic peoples, [166].
• Innuit, [249].
• Irish, [107], [154].
• Iroquois, [254].
• Ishmaelites, [133].
• Islam, [69], [70], [203].
• Israelites, [137].
• Italians, [156].
• Italic peoples, [155].
• Jakout, [210].
• Jalin, [136].
• Japyges, [158].
• Japanese, [216].
• Japetus, [105].
• Javanese, [234].
• Jaws, shape of, [24].
• Jews, [139], [299].
• Joktanides, [136].
• Kabyles, [111], [116], [117], [118], [128].
• Kanembus, [182].
• Kanoris, [182].
• Kavi, [234].
• Kalihari desert, [179].
• Kalmucks, [208].
• Kamschatkans, [215].
• Karelians, [212].
• Khamers, [131].
• Khmers, [206].
• Khonds, [244].
• Kiks, [181].
• Kimos, [179].
• Kioways, [256].
• Kirghis, [211].
• Kists, [171].
• Kohls, [244].
• Koraks, [215].
• Koreans, [218].
• Kurdistan, [167].
• Kurgans, [165].
• Ladakis, [205].
• Ladinish, [156].
• Ladins, [107].
• Lamuts, [208].
• Language, [60-66].
• Languages, scheme of, [64].
• Laos, [206].
• Lao-tse, [202].
• Latin peoples, [156].
• Latins, [152], [155].
• Lapps, [35], [212].
• Leleges, [159].
• Lemuria, [223].
• Lemurian reversion, [271].
• Lesghians, [171].
• Lettic peoples, [162].
• Letto-Slavs, [152].
• Leucæthiopes, [116].
• Lhasa, [204].
• Libyan group, [115].
• Libyans, [116], [117].
• Libyo-Teutonic type, [106], [118].
• Ligurians, [150], [155].
• Linguistic stocks, [61].
• Lipans, [251].
• Lithuanian language, [149], [162].
• Livoanians, [212].
• Loan words, [65].
• Lolo, [198].
• Lombards, [163].
• Loochoo Islands, [218].
• Love words, [54].
• Luristan, [167].
• Macassars, [234].
• Macedonians, [158].
• Madagascar, [179], [222].
• Magna Grecia, [161].
• Magyars, [212].
• Malayalas, [244].
• Malays, [230], [232], [239].
• Mallinki, [184].
• Manchus, [207].
• Mandingoes, [183], [184], [193].
• Mangues, [266].
• Mantras, [224].
• Manx, [107], [154].
• Maoris, [236].
• Marghis, [182].
• Masiti, [190].
• Massagetes, [164].
• Mauritanians, [116].
• Mayas, [263].
• Mazimbas, [189].
• Megalithic structure, [120].
• Melanesians, [227], [228].
• Melanism, [45].
• Melle, [176], [193].
• Menephtah inscription, [123].
• Metissage, [45], [47].
• Miaotse, [198].
• Micronesians, [245].
• Migrations, early, [74].
• Mincopies, [224].
• Mingling of races, [45].
• Mingrelians, [171].
• Mixtecs, [262].
• Modesty, [59].
• Mohammedanism, [70].
• Monbuttus, [187].
• Monogenism, [79].
• Montenegrins, [165].
• Mois, [224].
• “Mound Builders,” [255].
• Mundas, [244].
• Muscular habits, [33].
• Mzabites, [116], [133].
• Nabotheans, [133].
• Namollos, [215].
• Nasal index, [23].
• Navajos, [251].
• Negrillos, [177].
• Negritos, [223].
• Negroes, the, [181].
• Negroids, the, [185].
• Negus, the Grand, [137].
• Nepalese, [205].
• Niger, the, [175], [176], [182].
• Nile, the, [175], [185].
• Nile, valley, [91], [129].
• Ninevites, [126].
• Norsemen, [163].
• Nose, shape of, [24].
• Nubians, [45].
• Nubus, [187].
• Nuers, [181].
• Numidians, [116].
• Nyam-Nyams, [187].
• Oases, [176].
• Obongos, [178].
• Old Prussian, [162].
• Orbital index, [23].
• Oscans, [151], [155].
• Osmanlis, [210].
• Ossetes, [167].
• Palæolithic implement, [84], [90].
• Pali, [169].
• Pamir plateau, [195], [198], [210].
• Papuas, [227], [229].
• Parsees, [112], [167].
• Pawnees, [256].
• Pelasgians, [214].
• Pelvic index, [28].
• Permians, [212].
• Personal loyalty, [56].
• Persians, [167].
• Phenicians, [126], [138], [160].
• Phonetic laws, [64].
• Phratries, [57].
• Phrygians, [159].
• Physical ideal, [41].
• Picts, [114], [143].
• Po, plain of, [111].
• Poles, [165].
• Polyandry, [53].
• Polygenism, [79].
• Polynesians, [235].
• Portuguese, [156], [157].
• Prakrit, [169].
• Proto-Aryac language, [148].
• Proto-Hellenes, [160].
• Proto-Semitic languages, [119].
• Puls, [188].
• Punt, the land, [176].
• Pygmies, [177].
• Qquichuas, [272].
• Quaternary, geography, [86].
• Quimos, [179].
• Races, development, [92].
• Races, classification, [97].
• Races, subdivisions, [98].
• Rajpoots, [169].
• Rapanui, [238].
• Red hair, [45].
• Religion, [67].
• Rifians, [116], [125].
• Rig Veda, [169].
• River drift men, [84], [91].
• Romance languages, [156].
• Romany, [169].
• Roumanians, [156], [157].
• Russians, [165].
• Ruthenians, [165].
• Sabeans, [133].
• Sahaptins, [258].
• Sahara, the, [87], [88], [116], [173], [176].
• Sakaies, [224].
• Sakulavas, [189].
• Sakya Muni, [69].
• Samaritans, [137].
• Sambaquis, [269].
• Samnites, [155].
• Samoyeds, [212].
• Sandehs, [187].
• Sansandig, [183].
• Sanscrit, [145], [160], [168].
• Santals, [244].
• Sarmatians, [164].
• Savai, [236].
• Saxons, [163].
• Scotch, the, [154].
• Scythians, [164].
• Senegal, [183], [184].
• Semangs, [224].
• Semites, cradle of, [132].
• Sereres, [183].
• Serkus, [116].
• Servians, [165].
• Sex relations, [37].
• Sexual impulse, [53].
• Sexual preference, [43].
• Shamanism, [68].
• Sheba, Queen of, [133].
• Shilhas, [116].
• Shintoism, [217].
• Shoshonees, [256].
• Siagosch, [112].
• Siamese, [206].
• Sibiric Branch, [206].
• Sicily, [161].
• Simiadæ in Europe, [85].
• Sinhalese, [235].
• Sinitic Branch, [197].
• Skulls, shape of, [21].
• Skypetars, [158].
• Slavonic peoples, [164].
• Sokoto, [183].
• Somalis, [132].
• Sononki, [184].
• Spaniards, [156].
• Spanish Americans, [45].
• Special senses, [36].
• Steatopygy, [35].
• Stone age, [91].
• Stone age in Egypt, [129].
• Suahelis, [189].
• Sudan, the, [181], [182].
• Suevi, [112].
• Suomi, [212].
• Susians, [224].
• Sutures of skull, [22].
• Swedes, [163].
• Syrians, [126], [137], [161].
• Sygyni, [166].
• Taboo, [237].
• Tadchiks, [168].
• Tagalas, [232], [233].
• Tamerlane, [209].
• Tamils, [244].
• Tanganyika Lake, [190].
• Tapuyas, [270].
• Tarascos, [262].
• Tartar or Tatar, [209].
• Tasmanians, [240].
• Tavastes, [212].
• Tchad, Lake, [175], [182].
• Teeth, the, [26].
• Telugus, [244].
• Teutonic peoples, [163].
• Thai, [206].
• Thibetans, [204].
• Thracians, [158], [167].
• Tibbus, [116], [183].
• Tibia, shape of, [28].
• Tigres, [135].
• Timbuctoo, [183].
• Tinneh, [251].
• Tlinkit, [257].
• Tonkinese, [206].
• Todas, [183], [244].
• Tonga, [236].
• Totem, the, [56].
• Touaregs, [122].
• Transylvania, [166].
• Tribal religions, [69].
• Tuariks, [116], [125].
• Tungus, [207].
• Tunisia, [90], [119], [120].
• Tupis, [269].
• “Turanian,” [213].
• Turcomans, [210].
• Turks, [161], [209], [210].
• Types of white race, [106].
• Ugrians, [212].
• Umbrians, [151], [156].
• Ural-Altaic, [206].
• Utes, [43].
• Vandals, [112], [125], [163].
• Vans, [114], [153].
• Veddahs, [230], [235].
• Volapük, [67].
• Volscians, [155].
• Vouatouas, [178].
• Waganda, [190].
• Wallachians, [156].
• Walloons, [107].
• War, [76-78].
• Watuta, [190].
• Welsh, [107], [154].
• Wends, [165].
• White Nile, [176], [181], [182].
• Wolofs, [183], [184].
• Woman, [38], [58].
• World religions, [69].
• Zambesi river, [189].
• Zapotecs, [262].
• Zend, [145], [167].
• Zulus, [189].
• Zuñis, [258].

FOOTNOTES:

[1] The cranial indices on one of these islands varied from 70 to 83. The excessive claims of craniometry have been severely but justly rebuked by Moriz Wagner, in his thoughtful work, Die Entstehung der Arten durch räumliche Sonderung, s. 528, sq. (Basel, 1889), and more forcibly censured by Waitz, Anthropologie der Naturvölker, Bd. I., ss. 84-88. The French school of anthropologists have been especially one-sided in their devotion to this one element of the science. Among other great naturalists, Charles Darwin was careful to point out the variability of the skull as an anatomical part. (The Descent of Man, p. 26.)

[2] Darwin, The Descent of Man, p. 56. The anatomical cause of elongated or short skulls is the earlier union of either the transverse or longitudinal sutures, thus forcing the growth to be in the other direction. (L. Holden, Human Osteology, p. 127). Of course, this begins in fœtal life; and Pruner Bey had observed children with different forms of the skull born of the same mother. (Oscar Peschel, Völkerkunde, s. 80).

[3] See Dr. Emil Schmidt, Anthropologische Methoden, s. 221. This is a valuable handbook for the student of anthropology.

[4] An interesting study of this subject has been made by Dr. F. C. Ribbe, L’Ordre d’Obliteration des Sutures du Crane dans les Races Humaines (Paris, 1885).

[5] For a careful paper on this point see Dr. Washington Matthews, in the American Anthropologist, Oct., 1889.

[6] Instead of these terms the Germans use:

Chamaekonch =	orbital	index	below 80
Mesokonch =	“	“	80-85.
Hypsikonch =	“	“	above 85.

The French expressions are preferable.