On Growth and Form

by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson

• Earthworm, calcospheres in, [423]
• Earwigs, dimorphism in, [104]
• Ebner, V. von, [444], [683]
• Echinoderms, larval, [392];
  • spicules of, [449]
• Echinus, [377], [378], [664]
• Eclipse, skeleton of, [739]
• Ectosarc, [281]
• Eel, growth of, [85]
• Efficiency, mechanical, [670]
• Efficient cause, [6], [158], [248]
• Eggs of birds, [652]
• Eiffel tower, [20]
• Eight cells, grouping of, [381], etc.
• Eimer, Th., [606]
• Einstein formula, [47]
• Elastic curve, [219], [265], [271]
• Elaters, [489]
• Electrical convection, [187];
  • stimulation of growth, [153]
• Elephant, [21], [633], [703], [704]
• Elk, antlers of, [629], [632]
• Ellipsolithes, [728]
• Ellis, R. Leslie, [4], [329], [647];
  • M. M., [147], [656]
• Elodea, [322]
• Emarginula, [556]
• Emmel, V. E., [149]
• Empedocles, [8]
• Emperor Moth, [431]
• Encystment, [213], [283]
• Engelmann, T. W., [210], [285]
• Enriques, P., [4], [36], [64], [133], [134], [677]
• Entelechy, [4], [714]
• Entosolenia, [449]
• Enzymes, [135]
• Epeira, [233]
• Epicurus, [47]
• Epidermis, [314], [370]
• Epilobium, pollen of, [396]
• Epipolic force, [212]
• Equatorial plate, [174]
• Equiangular spiral, [50], [505]
• Equilibrium, figures of, [227]
• Equipotential lines, [640]
• Equisetum, spores of, [290], [489]
• Errera, Leo, [8], [40], [110], [111], [213], [306], [346], [348], [426]
• Erythrotrichia, [358], [372], [390]
• Ethmosphaera, [470]
• Euastrum, [214]
• Eucharis, [391]
• Euclid, [509]
• Euglena, [376]
• Euglypha, [189]
• Euler, L., [3], [208], [385], [484], [690]
• Eulima, [559]
• Eunicea, spicules of, [424]
• Euomphalus, [557], [559]
• Evelyn, John, [652]
• Evolution, [549], [610], etc.
• Ewart, A. J., [20]

• Fabre, J. H., [64], [779]
• Facial angle, [742], [770], [772]
• Faraday, M., [163], [167], [428], [475]
• Farmer, J. B. and Digby, [190]
• Fatigue, molecular, [689]
• Faucon, A., [88]
• Favosites, [325]
• Fechner, G. T., [654], [777]
• Fedorow, E. S. von, [338]
• Fehling, H., [76], [126]
• Ferns, spores of, [396]
• Fertilisation, [193]
• Fezzan-worms, [127]
• Fibonacci, [643]
• Fibrillenkonus, [285]
• Fick, R., [57], [683]
• Fickert, C., [606]
• Fidler, Prof. T. Claxton, [691], [674], [696]
• Films, liquid, [215], [217], [426]
• Filter-passers, [39]
• Final cause, [3], [248], [714]
• Fir-cone, [635], [647]
• Fischel, Alfred, [88]
• Fischer, Alfred, [40], [172];
  • Emil, [417], [418];
  • Otto, [30], [699]
• Fishes, forms of, [748]
• Fission, multiplication by, [151]
• Fissurella, [556]
• FitzGerald, G. F., [158], [281], [323], [440], [477]
• Flagellum, [246], [267], [291]
• Flemming, W., [170], [172], [180]
• Flight, [24]
• Flint, Professor, [673]
• Fluid crystals, [204], [272], [485]
• Fluted pattern, [260]
• Fly’s cornea, [324]
• Fol, Hermann, [168], [194]
• Folliculina, [249]
• Foraminifera, [214], [255], [415], [495], [515]
• Forth Bridge, [694], [699], [700]
• Fossula, [390]
• Foster, M., [185]
• Fraas, E., [716]
• Frankenheim, M. L., [202]
• Frazee, O. E., [153]
• Frédéricq, L., [127], [130]
• Free cell formation, [396]
• Friedenthal, H., [64]
• Frisch, K. von, [671]
• Frog, egg of, [310], [363], [378], [382];
  • growth of, [93], [126]
• Froth or foam, [171], [205], [305], [314], [322], [343]
• Froude, W., [22]
• Fucus, [355]
• Fundulus, [125]
• Fusulina, [593], [594]
• Fusus, [527], [557]

• Gadow, H. F., [628]
• Galathea, [273]
• Galen, [3], [465], [656]
• Galileo, [8], [19], [28], [562], [677], [720]
• Gallardo, A., [163]
• Galloway, Principal, [672]
• Gamble, F. A., [458]
• Ganglion-cells, size of, [37]
• Gans, R., [46]
• Garden of Cyrus, [324], [329]
• Gastrula, [344]
• Gauss, K. F., [207], [278], [723]
• Gebhardt, W., [430], [683]
• Gelatination, water of, [203]
• Generating curves and spirals, [526], [561], [615], [637], [641]
• Geodetics, [440], [488]
• Geoffroy St Hilaire, Et. de, [714]
• Geotropism, [211]
• Gerassimow, J. J., [35]
• Gerdy, P. N., [491]
• Geryon, [744]
• Gestaltungskraft, [485]
• Giard, A., [156]
• Gilmore, C. W., [707]
• Giraffe, [705], [730], [738]
• Girardia, [321], [408]
• Glaisher, J., [250]
• Glassblowing, [238], [737]
• Gley, E., [135], [136]
• Globigerina, [214], [234], [440], [495], [589], [602], [604], [606]
• Gnomon, [509], [515], [591]
• Goat, horns of, [613]
• Goat moth, wings of, [430]
• Goebel, K., [321], [397], [408]
• Goethe, [20], [38], [199], [714], [719]
• Golden Mean, [511], [643], [649]
• Goldschmidt, R., [286]
• Goniatites, [550], [728]
• Gonothyraea, [747]
• Goodsir, John, [156], [196], [580]
• Gottlieb, H., [699]
• Gourd, form of, [737]
• Grabau, A. H., [531], [539], [550]
• Graham, Thomas, [162], [201], [203]
• Grant, Kerr, [259]
• Grantia, [445]
• Graphic statics, [682]
• Gravitation, [12], [32]
• Gray, J., [188]
• Greenhill, Sir A. G., [19]
• Gregory, D. F., [330], [675]
• Greville, R. K., [386]
• Gromia, [234], [257]
• Gruber, A., [165]
• Gryphaea, [546], [576], [577]
• Guard-cells, [394]
• Gudernatsch, J. F., [136]
• Guillemot, egg of, [652]
• Gulliver, G., [36]
• Günther, F. C., [633], [654]
• Gurwitsch, A., [285]

• Häcker, V., [458]
• Haddock, [774]
• Haeckel, E., [199], [445], [454], [455], [457], [467], [480], [481]
• Hair, pigmentation of, [430]
• Hales, Stephen, [36], [59], [95], [669]
• Haliotis, [514], [527], [546], [547], [554], [555], [557], [561]
• Hall, C. E., [119]
• Haller, A. von, [2], [54], [56], [59], [64], [68]
• Hardesty, Irving, [37]
• Hardy, W. B., [160], [162], [172], [187], [287]
• Harlé, N., [28]
• Harmozones, [135]
• Harpa, [526], [528], [559]
• Harper, R. A., [283]
• Harpinia, [746]
• Harting, P., [282], [420], [426], [434]
• Hartog, M., [163], [327]
• Harvey, E. N. and H. W., [187]
• Hatai, S., [132], [135]
• Hatchett, C., [420]
• Hatschek, B., [180]
• Haughton, Rev. S., [334], [666]
• Haüy, R. J., [720]
• Hay, O. P., [707]
• Haycraft, J. B., [211], [690]
• Head, length of, [93]
• Heart, growth of, [89];
  • muscles of, [490]
• Heath, Sir T., [511]
• Hegel, G. W. F., [4]
• Hegler, [680], [688]
• Heidenhain, M., [170], [212]
• Heilmann, Gerhard, [757], [768], [772]
• Helicoid, [230];
  • cyme, [502], [605]
• Helicometer, [529]
• Helicostyla, [557]
• Heliolites, [326]
• Heliozoa, [264], [460]
• Helix, [528], [557]
• Helmholtz, H. von, [2], [9], [25]
• Henderson, W. P., [323]
• Henslow, G., [636]
• Heredity, [158], [286], [715]
• Hermann, F., [170]
• Hero of Alexandria, [509]
• Heron-Allen, E., [257], [415], [465]
• Herpetomonas, [268]
• Hertwig, O., [56], [114], [153], [199], [310];
  • R., [170], [285]
• Hertzog, R. O., [109]
• Hess, W., [666], [668]
• Heteronymous horns, [619]
• Heterophyllia, [388]
• Hexactinellids, [429], [452], [453]
• Hexagonal symmetry, [319], [323], [471], [513]
• Hickson, S. J., [424]
• Hippopus, [561]
• His, W., [55], [56], [74], [75]
• Hobbes, Thomas, [159]
• Höber, R., [1], [126], [130], [172]
• Hodograph, [516]
• Hoffmann, C., [628]
• Hofmeister, F., [41]; W., [87], [210], [234], [304], [306], [636], [639]
• Holland, W. J., [707]
• Holmes, O. W., [62], [737]
• Holothuroid spicules, [440], [451]
• Homonymous horns, [619]
• Homoplasy, [251]
• Hooke, Robert, [205]
• Hop, growth of, [118];
  • stem of, [627]
• Horace, [44]
• Hormones, [135]
• Horns, [612]
• Horse, [694], [701], [703], [764]
• Houssay, F., [21]
• Huber, P., [332]
• Huia bird, [633]
• Humboldt, A. von, [127]
• Hume, David, [6]
• Hunter, John, [667], [669], [713], [715]
• Huxley, T. H., [423], [722], [752]
• Hyacinth, [322], [394]
• Hyalaea, [571]–[577]
• Hyalonema, [442]
• Hyatt, A., [548]
• Hyde, Ida H., [125], [163], [184], [188]
• Hydra, [252];
  • egg of, [164]
• Hydractinia, [342]
• Hydraulics, [669]
• Hydrocharis, [234]
• Hyperia, [746]
• Hyrachyus, [760], [765]
• Hyracotherium, [766], [768]

• Ibex, [617]
• Ice, structure of, [428]
• Ichthyosaurus, [755]
• Icosahedron, [478]
• Iguanodon, [706], [708]
• Inachus, sperm-cells of, [273]
• Infusoria, [246], [489]
• Intussusception, [202]
• Inulin, [432]
• Invagination, [56], [344]
• Iodine, [136]
• Irvine, Robert, [414], [434]
• Isocardia, [561], [577]
• Isoperimetrical problems, [208], [346]
• Isotonic solutions, [130], [274]
• Iterson, G. van, [595]

• Jackson, C. M., [75], [88], [106]
• Jamin, J. C., [418]
• Janet, Paul, [5], [18], [673]
• Japp, F. R., [417]
• Jellett, J. H., [1]
• Jenkin, C. F., [444]
• Jenkinson, J. W., [94], [114], [170]
• Jennings, H. S., [212], [492];
  • Vaughan, [424]
• Jensen, P., [211]
• Johnson, Dr S., [62]
• Joly, John, [9], [63]
• Jost, L., [110], [111]
• Juncus, pith of, [335]
• Jungermannia, [404]

• Kangaroo, [705], [706], [709]
• Kanitz, Al., [109]
• Kant, Immanuel, [1], [3], [714]
• Kappers, C. U. A., [566]
• Kellicott, W. E., [91]
• Kelvin, Lord, [9], [49], [188], [202], [336], [453]
• Kepler, [328], [480], [486], [643], [650]
• Kienitz-Gerloff, F., [404], [408]
• Kirby and Spence, [28], [30], [127]
• Kirchner, A., [683]
• Kirkpatrick, R., [437]
• Klebs, G., [306]
• Kny, L., [680]
• Koch, G. von, [423]
• Koenig, Samuel, [330]
• Kofoid, C. A., [268]
• Kölliker, A. von, [413]
• Kollmann, M., [170]
• Koltzoff, N. K., [273], [462]
• Koninckina, [570]
• Koodoo, horns of, [624]
• Köppen, Wladimir, [111]
• Korotneff, A., [377]
• Kraus, G., [77]
• Krogh, A., [109]
• Krohl, [666]
• Kühne, W., [235]
• Küster, E., [430]

• Lafresnaye, F. de, [653]
• Lagena, [251], [256], [260], [587]
• Lagrange, J. L., [649]
• Lalanne, L., [334]
• Lamarck, J. B. de, [549], [716]
• Lamb, A. B., [186]
• Lamellaria, [554]
• Lamellibranchs, [561]
• Lami, B., [296], [643]
• Laminaria, [315]
• Lammel, R., [100]
• Lanchester, F. W., [26]
• Lang, Arnold, [561]
• Lankester, Sir E. Ray, [4], [251], [348], [465]
• Laplace, P. S. de, [1], [207], [217]
• Larmor, Sir J., [9], [259]
• Lavater, J. C., [740]
• Law, Borelli’s, [29];
  • Brandt’s, [482];
  • of Constant Angle, [599];
  • Errera’s, [213], [306];
  • Froude’s, [22];
  • Lamarle’s, [309];
  • of Mass, [130];
  • Maupertuis’s, [208];
  • Müller’s, [481];
  • of Optimum, [110];
  • van’t Hoff’s, [109];
  • Willard-Gibbs’, [280];
  • Wolff’s, [3], [51], [155]
• Leaping, [29]
• Leaves, arrangement of, [635];
  • form of, [731]
• Ledingham, J. C. G., [211]
• Leduc, Stéphane, [162], [167], [185], [219], [259], [415], [428], [431], [590]
• Leeuwenhoek, A. van, [36], [209]
• Leger, L., [452]
• Le Hello, P., [30]
• Lehmann, O., [203], [272], [440], [485], [590]
• Leibniz, G. W. von, [3], [5], [159], [385]
• Leidenfrost, J. G., [279]
• Leidy, J., [252], [468]
• Leiper, R. T., [660]
• Leitch, I., [112]
• Leitgeb, H., [305]
• Length-weight coefficient, [98]–[103], [775]
• Leonardo da Vinci, [27], [635];
  • of Pisa, [643]
• Lepeschkin, [625]
• Leptocephalus, [87]
• Leray, Ad., [18]
• Lesage, G. L., [18]
• Leslie, Sir John, [163], [503]
• Lestiboudois, T., [636]
• Leucocytes, [211]
• Levers, Orders of, [690]
• Levi, G., [35], [37]
• Lewis, C. M., [280]
• Lhuilier, S. A. J., [330]
• Liesegang’s rings, [427], [475]
• Light, pressure of, [48]
• Lillie, F. R., [4], [147], [341];
  • R. S., [180], [187], [192]
• Lima, [565]
• Limacina, [571]
• Lines of force, [163];
  • of growth, [562]
• Lingula, [251], [567]
• Linnaeus, [28], [250], [547], [720]
• Lion, brain of, [91]
• Liquid veins, [265]
• Lister, Martin, [318];
  • J. J., [436]
• Listing, J. B., [385]
• Lithostrotion, [325]
• Littorina, [524]
• Lituites, [546], [550]
• Llama, [703]
• Lobsters’ claws, [149]
• Locke, John, [6]
• Loeb, J., [125], [132], [135], [136], [147], [157], [191], [193]
• Loewy, A., [281]
• Logarithmic spiral, [493], etc.
• Loisel, G., [88]
• Loligo, shell of, [575]
• Lo Monaco, [83]
• Lönnberg, E., [614], [632]
• Looss, A., [660]
• Lotze, R. H., [55]
• Love, A. E. H., [674]
• Lucas, F. A., [138]
• Luciani, L., [83]
• Lucretius, [47], [71], [137], [160]
• Ludwig, Carl, [2];
  • F., [643];
  • H. J., [342]
• Lupa, [744]
• Lupinus, growth of, [109], [112]

• Macalister, A., [557]
• MacAlister, Sir D., [673], [683]
• Macallum, A. B., [277], [287], [357], [395];
  • J. B., [492]
• McCoy, F., [388]
• Mach, Ernst, [209], [330]
• Machaerodus, teeth of, [633]
• McKendrick, J. G., [42]
• McKenzie, A., [418]
• Mackinnon, D. L., [268]
• Maclaurin, Colin, [330], [779]
• Macroscaphites, [550]
• Mactra, [562]
• Magnitude, [16]
• Maillard, L., [163]
• Maize, growth of, [109], [111], [298]
• Mall, F. P., [492]
• Maltaux, Mlle, [114]
• Mammoth, [634], [705]
• Man, growth of, [61];
  • skull of, [770]
• Maraldi, J. P., [329], [473]
• Marbled papers, [736]
• Marcus Aurelius, [609]
• Markhor, horns of, [619]
• Marsh, O. C., [706], [754]
• Marsigli, Comte L. F. de, [652]
• Massart, J., [114]
• Mastodon, [634]
• Mathematics, [719], [778], etc.
• Mathews, A., [285]
• Matrix, [656]
• Matter and energy, [11]
• Matthew, W. D., [707]
• Matuta, [744]
• Maupas, M., [133]
• Maupertuis, [3], [5], [208]
• Maxwell, J. Clerk, [9], [18], [40], [44], [160], [207], [385], [691]
• Mechanical efficiency, [670]
• Mechanism, [5], [161], [185], etc.
• Meek, C. F. U., [190]
• Melanchthon, [4]
• Melanopsis, [557]
• Meldola, R., [670]
• Melipona, [332]
• Mellor, J. W., [134]
• Melo, [525]
• Melobesia, [412]
• Melsens, L. H. F., [282]
• Membrane-formation, [281]
• Mensbrugghe, G. van der, [212], [298], [470]
• Meserer, O., [683]
• Mesocarpus, [289]
• Mesohippus, [766]
• Metamorphosis, [82]
• Meves, F., [163], [285]
• Meyer, Arthur, [432];
  • G. H., [8], [682], [683]
• Micellae, [157]
• Michaelis, L., [277]
• Microchemistry, [288]
• Micrococci, [39], [245], [250]
• Micromonas, [38]
• Miliolidae, [595], [604]
• Milner, R. S., [280]
• Milton, John, [779]
• Mimicry, [671]
• Minchin, E. A., [267], [444], [449], [455]
• Minimal areas, [208], [215], [225], [293], [306], [336], [349]
• Minot, C. S., [37], [72], [722]
• Miohippus, [767]
• Mitchell, P. Chalmers, [703]
• Mitosis, [170]
• Mitra, [557], [559]
• Möbius, K., [449]
• Modiola, [562]
• Mohl, H. von, [624]
• Molar and molecular forces, [53]
• Mole-cricket, chromosomes of, [181]
• Molecular asymmetry, [416]
• Molecules, [41]
• Möller, V. von, [593]
• Monnier, A., [78], [132]
• Monticulipora, [326]
• Moore, B., [272]
• Morey, S., [264]
• Morgan, T. H., [126], [134], [138], [147]
• Morita, [699]
• Morphodynamique, [156]
• Morphologie synthétique, [420]
• Morphology, [719], etc.
• Morse, Max, [136]
• Moseley, H., [8], [518], [521], [538], [553], [555], [592]
• Moss, embryo of, [374];
  • gemma of, [403];
  • rhizoids of, [356]
• Mouillard, L. P., [27]
• Mouse, growth of, [82]
• Mucor, sporangium of, [303]
• Müllenhof, K. von, [25], [332]
• Müller, Fritz, [3];
  • Johannes, [459], [481]
• Mummery, J. H., [425]
• Munro, H., [323]
• Musk-ox, horns of, [615]
• Mya, [422], [561]
• Myonemes, [562]

• Naber, H. A., [511], [650]
• Nägeli, C., [124], [159], [210]
• Nassellaria, [472]
• Natica, [554], [557], [559]
• Natural selection, [4], [58], [137], [456], [586], [609], [651], [653]
• Naumann, C. F., [529], [531], [539], [550], [577], [594], [636];
  • J. F., [653]
• Nautilus, [355], [494], [501], [515], [518], [532], [535], [546], [552], [557], [575], [577], [580], [592], [633];
  • hood of, [554];
  • kidney of, [425];
  • N. umbilicatus, [542], [547], [554]
• Nebenkern, [285]
• Neottia, pollen of, [396]
• Nereis, egg of, [342], [378], [453]
• Nerita, [522], [555]
• Neumayr, M., [608]
• Neutral zone, [674], [676], [686]
• Newton, [1], [6], [158], [643], [721]
• Nicholson, H. A., [325], [327]
• Noctiluca, [246]
• Nodoid, [218], [223]
• Nodosaria, [262], [535], [604]
• Norman, A. M., [465]
• Norris, Richard, [272]
• Nostoc, [300], [313]
• Notosuchus, [753]
• Nuclear spindle, [170];
  • structure, [166]
• Nummulites, [504], [552], [591]
• Nussbaum, M., [198]