On Growth and Form

by D'Arcy Wentworth Thompson

• Oekotraustes, [550]
• Ogilvie-Gordon, M. M., [423]
• Oil-globules, Plateau’s, [219]
• Oithona, [742]
• Oken, L., [4], [635]
• Oliva, [554]
• Ootype, [660]
• Operculina, [594]
• Operculum of gastropods, [521]
• Oppel, A., [88]
• Optimum temperature, [110]
• Orbitolites, [605]
• Orbulina, [59], [225], [257], [587], [598], [604], [607]
• Organs, growth of, [88]
• Orthagoriscus, [751], [775], [777]
• Orthis, [561], [567]
• Orthoceras, [515], [548], [551], [556], [579], [735]
• Orthogenesis, [549]
• Orthogonal trajectories, [305], [377], [400], [640], [678]
• Orthostichies, [649]
• Orthotoluidene, [219]
• Oryx, horns of, [616]
• Osborn, H. F., [714], [727], [760]
• Oscillatoria, [300]
• Osmosis, [124], [287], etc.
• Osmunda, [396], [406]
• Ostrea, [562]
• Ostrich, [25], [707], [708]
• Ostwald, Wilhelm, [44], [131], [426];
  • Wolfgang, [32], [77], [82], [132], [277], [281]
• Otoliths, [425], [432]
• Ovis Ammon, [614]
• Owen, Sir R., [20], [575], [654], [669], [715]
• Ox, cannon-bone of, [730], [738];
  • growth of, [102]
• Oxalate, calcium, [412], [434]

• Palaeechinus, [663]
• Palm, [624]
• Pander, C. H., [55]
• Pangenesis, [44], [157]
• Papillon, Fernand, [10]
• Pappus of Alexandria, [328]
• Parabolic girder, [693], [696]
• Parahippus, [767]
• Paralomis, [744]
• Paraphyses of mosses, [351]
• Parastichies, [640], [641]
• Passiflora, pollen of, [396]
• Pasteur, L., [416]
• Patella, [561]
• Pauli, W., [211], [434]
• Pearl, Raymond, [90], [97], [654]
• Pearls, [425], [431]
• Pearson, Karl, [36], [78]
• Peas, growth of, [112]
• Pecten, [562]
• Peddie, W., [182], [272], [344], [448]
• Pellia, spore of, [302]
• Pelseneer, P., [570]
• Pendulum, [30]
• Peneroplis, [606]
• Percentage-curves, Minot’s, [72]
• Pericline, [360]
• Periploca, pollen of, [396]
• Peristome, [239]
• Permeability, magnetic, [177], [182]
• Perrin, J., [43], [46]
• Peter, Karl, [117]
• Pettigrew, J. B., [490]
• Pfeffer, W., [111], [273], [688]
• Pflüger, E., [680]
• Phagocytosis, [211]
• Phascum, [408]
• Phase of curve, [68], [81], etc.
• Phasianella, [557], [559]
• Phatnaspis, [482]
• Phillipsastraea, [327]
• Philolaus, [779]
• Pholas, [561]
• Phormosoma, [664]
• Phractaspis, [484]
• Phyllotaxis, [635]
• Phylogeny, [196], [251], [548], [716]
• Pike, F. H., [110]
• Pileopsis, [555]
• Pinacoceras, [584]
• Pithecanthropus, [772]
• Pith of rush, [335]
• Plaice, [98], [105], [117], [432], [710], [774]
• Planorbis, [539], [547], [554], [557], [559]
• Plateau, F., [30], [232];
  • J. A. F., [192], [212], [218], [239], [275], [297], [374], [477]
• Plato, [2], [478], [720];
  • Platonic bodies, [478]
• Plesiosaurs, [755]
• Pleurocarpus, [289]
• Pleuropus, [573]
• Pleurotomaria, [557]
• Plumulariidae, [747]
• Pluteus larva, [392], [415]
• Podocoryne, [342]
• Poincaré, H., [134]
• Poiseuille, J. L. M., [669]
• Polar bodies, [179];
  • furrow, [310], [340]
• Polarised light, [418]
• Polarity, morphological, [166], [168], [246], [295], [284]
• Pollen, [396], [399]
• Polyhalite, [433]
• Polyprion, [749], [776]
• Polyspermy, [193]
• Polytrichum, [355]
• Pomacanthus, [749]
• Popoff, M., [286]
• Potamides, [554]
• Potassium, in living cells, [288]
• Potential energy, [208], [294], [601], etc.
• Potter’s wheel, [238]
• Potts, R., [126]
• Pouchet, G., [415]
• Poulton, E. B., [670]
• Poynting, J. H., [235]
• Precocious segregation, [348]
• Preformation, [54], [159]
• Prenant, A., [163], [104], [189], [286], [289]
• Prévost, Pierre, [18]
• Pringsheim, N., [377]
• Probabilities, theory of, [61]
• Productus, [567]
• Protective colouration, [671]
• Protococcus, [59], [300], [410]
• Protoconch, [531]
• Protohippus, [767]
• Protoplasm, structure of, [172]
• Przibram, Hans, [16], [82], [107], [149], [204], [211], [418], [595];
  • Karl, [46]
• Psammobia, [564]
• Pseuopriacauthus, [749]
• Pteranodon, [756]
• Pteris, antheridia of, [409]
• Pteropods of, [258], [570]
• Pulvinulina, [514], [595], [600], [602]
• Pupa, [530], [549], [556]
• Pütter, A., [110], [211], [492]
• Pyrosoma, egg of, [377]
• Pythagoras, [2], [509], [651], [720], [779]

• Quadrant, bisection of, [359]
• Quekett, J. T., [423]
• Quetelet, A., [61], [78], [93]
• Quincke, G. H., [187], [191], [279], [421]

• Rabbit, skull of, [764]
• Rabl, K., [36], [310]
• Radial co-ordinates, [730]
• Radiolaria, [252], [264], [457], [467], [588], [607]
• Rainey, George, [7], [420], [431], [434]
• Rainfall and growth, [121]
• Ram, horns of, [613]–[624]
• Ramsden, W., [282]
• Ramulina, [255]
• Rankine, W. J. Macquorn, [697], [712]
• Ransom’s waves, [164]
• Raphides, [412], [429], [434]
• Raphidiophrys, [460], [463]
• Rasumowsky, [683]
• Rat, growth of, [106]
• Rath, O. vom, [181]
• Rauber, A., [200], [305], [310], [380], [382], [398], [677], [683]
• Ray, John, [3]
• Rayleigh, Lord, [43], [44]
• Réaumur, R. A. de, [8], [108], [329]
• Reciprocal diagrams, [697]
• Rees, R. van, [374]
• Regeneration, [138]
• Reid, E. Waymouth, [272]
• Reinecke, J. C. M., [528]
• Reinke, J., [303], [305], [355], [356]
• Reniform shape, [735]
• Reticularia, [569]
• Reticulated patterns, [258]
• Réticulum plasmatique, [468]
• Rhabdammina, [589]
• Rheophax, [263]
• Rhinoceros, [612], [760]
• Rhumbler, L., [162], [165], [260], [322], [344], [465], [466], [589], [590], [595], [599], [608], [628]
• Rhynchonella, [561]
• Riccia, [372], [403], [405]
• Rice, J., [242], [273]
• Richardson, G. M., [416]
• Riefstahl, E., [578]
• Riemann, B., [385]
• Ripples, [33], [261], [323]
• Rivularia, [300]
• Roaf, H. C., [272]
• Robert, A., [306], [339], [348], [377]
• Roberts, C., [61]
• Robertson, T. B., [82], [132], [191], [192]
• Robinson, A., [681]
• Rörig, A., [628]
• Rose, Gustav, [421]
• Rossbach, M. J., [165]
• Rotalia, [214], [535], [602]
• Rotifera, cells of, [38]
• Roulettes, [218]
• Roux, W., [8], [55], [57], [157], [194], [378], [383], [666], [683]
• Ruled surfaces, [230], [270], [582]
• Ruskin, John, [20]
• Russow, ——, [73], [75]
• Ryder, J. A., [376]

• Sachs, J., [35], [38], [95], [108], [110], [111], [200], [360], [398], [399], [624], [635], [640], [651], [680]
• Sachs’s rule, [297], [300], [305], [347], [376]
• Saddles, of ammonites, [583]
• Sagrina, [263]
• St Venant, Barré de, [621], [627]
• Salamander, sperm-cells of, [179]
• Salpingoeca, [248]
• Salt, crystals of, [429]
• Salvinia, [377]
• Samec, M., [434]
• Samter, M. and Heymons, [130]
• Sandberger, G., [539]
• Sapphirina, [742]
• Saville Kent, W., [246], [247], [248]
• Scalaria, [526], [547], [554], [557], [559]
• Scale, effect of, [17], [438]
• Scaphites, [550]
• Scapula, human, [769]
• Scarus, [749]
• Schacko, G., [604]
• Schaper, A. A., [83]
• Schaudinn, F., [46], [286]
• Scheerenumkehr, [149]
• Schewiakoff, W., [189], [462]
• Schimper, C. F., [502], [636]
• Schmaltz, A., [675]
• Schmankewitsch, W., [130]
• Schmidt, Johann, [85], [87], [118]
• Schönflies, A., [202]
• Schultze, F. E., [452], [454]
• Schwalbe, G., [666]
• Schwann, Theodor, [199], [380], [591]
• Schwartz, Fr., [172]
• Schwendener, S., [210], [305], [636], [678]
• Scorpaena, [749]
• Scorpioid cyme, [502]
• Scott, E. L., [110];
  • W. B., [768]
• Scyromathia, [744]
• Searle, H., [491]
• Sea urchins, [661];
  • egg of, [173];
  • growth of, [117], [147]
• Sebastes, [749]
• Sectio aurea, [511], [643], [649]
• Sedgwick, A., [197], [199]
• Sédillot, Charles E., [688]
• Segmentation of egg, [57], [310], [344], [382], etc.;
  • spiral do., [371], [453]
• Segner, J. A. von, [205]
• Selaginella, [404]
• Semi-permeable membranes, [272]
• Sepia, [575], [577]
• Septa, [577], [592]
• Serpula, [603]
• Sexual characters, [135]
• Sharpe, D., [728]
• Shearing stress, [684], [730], etc.
• Sheep, [613], [730], [738]
• Shell, formation of, [422]
• Sigaretus, [554]
• Silkworm, growth of, [83]
• Similitude, principle of, [17]
• Sims Woodhead, G., [414], [434]
• Siphonogorgia, [413]
• Skeleton, [19], [438], [675], [691], etc.
• Snow crystals, [250], [480], [611]
• Soap-bubbles, [43], [219], [299], [307], etc.
• Socrates, [8]
• Sohncke, L. A., [202]
• Solanum, [625]
• Solarium, [547], [554], [557], [559]
• Solecurtus, [564]
• Solen, [565]
• Sollas, W. J., [440], [450], [455]
• Solubility of salts, [434]
• Sorby, H. C., [412], [414], [728]
• Spallanzani, L., [138]
• Span of arms, [63], [93]
• Spangenberg, Fr., [342]
• Specific characters, [246], [380];
  • inductive capacity, [177];
  • surface, [32], [215]
• Spencer, Herbert, [18], [22]
• Spermatozoon, path of, [193]
• Sperm-cells of Crustacea, [273]
• Sphacelaria, [351]
• Sphaerechinus, [117], [147]
• Sphagnum, [402], [407]
• Sphere, [218], [225]
• Spherocrystals, [434]
• Spherulites, [422]
• Spicules, [282], [411], etc.
• Spider’s web, [231]
• Spindle, nuclear, [169], [174]
• Spinning of protoplasm, [164]
• Spiral, geodetic, [488];
  • logarithmic, [493], etc.;
  • segmentation, [371], [453]
• Spireme, [173], [180]
• Spirifer, [561], [568]
• Spirillum, [46], [253]
• Spirochaetes, [46], [230], [266]
• Spirographis, [586]
• Spirogyra, [12], [221], [227], [242], [244], [275], [287], [289]
• Spirorbis, [586], [603]
• Spirula, [528], [547], [554], [575], [577]
• Spitzka, E. A., [92]
• Splashes, [235], [236], [254], [260]
• Sponge-spicules, [436], [440]
• Spontaneous generation, [420]
• Sporangium, [406]
• Spottiswoode, W., [779]
• Spray, [236]
• Stallo, J. B., [1]
• Standard deviation, [78]
• Starch, [432]
• Starling, E. H., [135]
• Stassfurt salt, [433]
• Stegocephalus, [746]
• Stegosaurus, [706], [707], [710], [754]
• Steiner, Jacob, [654]
• Steinmann, G., [431]
• Stellate cells, [335]
• Stentor, [147]
• Stereometry, [417]
• Sternoptyx, [748]
• Stillmann, J. D. B., [695]
• St Loup, R., [82]
• Stokes, Sir G. G., [44]
• Stolc, Ant., [452]
• Stomach, muscles of, [490]
• Stomata, [393]
• Stomatella, [554]
• Strasbürger, E., [35], [283], [409]
• Straus-Dürckheim, H. E., [30]
• Stream-lines, [250], [673], [736]
• Strength of materials, [676], [679]
• Streptoplasma, [391]
• Strophomena, [567]
• Studer, T., [413]
• Stylonichia, [133]
• Succinea, [556]
• Sunflower, [494], [635], [639], [688]
• Surface energy, [32], [34], [191], [207], [278], [293], [460], [599]
• Survival of species, [251]
• Sutures of cephalopods, [583]
• Swammerdam, J., [8], [87], [380], [528], [585]
• Swezy, Olive, [268]
• Sylvester, J. J., [723]
• Symmetry, meaning of, [209]
• Synapta, egg of, [453]
• Syncytium, [200]
• Synhelia, [327]
• Szielasko, A., [654]

• Tadpole, growth of, [83], [114], [138], [153]
• Tait, P. G., [35], [43], [207], [644]
• Taonia, [355], [356]
• Tapetum, [407]
• Tapir, [741], [763]
• Taylor, W. W., [277], [282], [426], [428]
• Teeth, [424], [612], [632]
• Telescopium, [557]
• Telesius, Bernardinus, [656]
• Tellina, [562]
• Temperature coefficient, [109]
• Terebra, [529], [557], [559]
• Terebratula, [568], [574], [576]
• Teredo, [414]
• Terni, T., [35]
• Terquem, O., [329]
• Tesch, J. J., [573]
• Tetractinellida, [443], [450]
• Tetrahedral symmetry, [315], [396], [476]
• Tetrakaidecahedron, [337]
• Tetraspores, [396]
• Textularia, [604]
• Thamnastraea, [327]
• Thayer, J. E., [672]
• Thecidium, [570]
• Thecosmilia, [325]
• Théel, H., [451]
• Thienemann, F. A. L., [653]
• Thistle, capitulum of, [639]
• Thoma, R., [666]
• Thomson, James, [18], [259];
  • J. A., [465];
  • J. J., [235], [280];
  • Wyville, [466]
• Thurammina, [256]
• Thyroid gland, [136]
• Time-element, [51], [496], etc.;
  • time-energy diagram, [63]
• Tintinnus, [248]
• Tissues, forms of, [293]
• Titanotherium, [704], [762]
• Tomistoma, [753]
• Tomlinson, C., [259], [428]
• Tornier, G., [707]
• Torsion, [621], [624]
• Trachelophyllum, [249]
• Transformations, theory of, [562], [719]
• Traube, M., [287]
• Trees, growth of, [119];
  • height of, [19]
• Trembley, Abraham, [138], [146]
• Treutlein, P., [510]
• Trianea, hairs of, [234]
• Triangle, properties of, [508];
  • of forces, [295]
• Triasters, [327]
• Trichodina, [252]
• Trichomastix, [267]
• Triepel, H., [683], [684]
• Triloculina, [595]
• Triton, [554]
• Trochus, [377], [557], [560];
  • embryology of, [340]
• Tröndle, A., [625]
• Trophon, [526]
• Trout, growth of, [94]
• Trypanosomes, [245], [266], [269]
• Tubularia, [125], [126], [146]
• Turbinate shells, [534]
• Turbo, [518], [555]
• Turgor, [125]
• Turner, Sir W., [769]
• Turritella, [489], [524], [527], [555], [557], [559]
• Tusks, [515], [612]
• Tutton, A. E. H., [202]
• Twining plants, [624]
• Tyndall, John, [428]

• Umbilicus of shell, [547]
• Underfeeding, effect of, [106]
• Undulatory membrane, [266]
• Unduloid, [218], [222], [229], [246], [256]
• Unio, [341]
• Univalve shells, [553]
• Urechinus, [664]

• Vaginicola, [248]
• Vallisneri, Ant., [138]
• Van Iterson, G., [595]
• Van Rees, R., [374]
• Van’t Hoff, J. H., [1], [110], [433]
• Variability, [78], [103]
• Venation of wings, [385]
• Verhaeren, Emile, [778]
• Verworn, M., [198], [211], [467], [605]
• Vesque, J., [412]
• Vierordt, K., [73]
• Villi, [32]
• Vincent, J. H., [323]
• Vines, S. H., [502]
• Virchow, R., [200], [286]
• Vital phenomena, [14], [417], etc.
• Vitruvius, [740]
• Volkmann, A. W., [669]
• Voltaire, [4], [146]
• Vorticella, [237], [246], [291]

• Wager, H. W. T., [259]
• Walking, [30]
• Wallace, A. R., [5], [432], [549]
• Wallich-Martius, [77]
• Warburg, O., [161]
• Warburton, C., [233]
• Ward, H. Marshall, [133]
• Warnecke, P., [93]
• Watase, S., [378]
• Water, in growth, [125]
• Watson, F. R., [323]
• Weber, E. H., [210], [259], [669];
  • E. H. and W. E., [30];
  • Max, [91]
• Weight, curve of, [64], etc.
• Weismann, A., [158]
• Werner, A. G., [19]
• Wettstein, R. von, [728]
• Whale, affinities, [716];
  • size, [21];
  • structure, [708]
• Whipple, I. L., [123]
• Whitman, C. O., [157], [164], [193], [194], [199], [200]
• Whitworth, W. A., [506], [512]
• Wiener, A. F., [45]
• Wildeman, E. de, [307], [355]
• Willey, A., [425], [548], [555], [578]
• Williamson, W. C., [423], [609]
• Willughby, Fr., [318]
• Wilson, E. B., [150], [163], [173], [195], [199], [311], [341], [342], [398], [453]
• Winge, O., [433]
• Winter eggs, [283]
• Wissler, Clark, [79]
• Wissner, J., [636]
• Wöhler, Fr., [416], [420]
• Wolff, J., [683];
  • J. C. F., [3], [51], [155]
• Wood, R. W., [590]
• Woods, R. H., [666]
• Woodward, H., [578];
  • S. P., [554], [567]
• Worthington, A. M., [235], [254]
• Wreszneowski, A., [249]
• Wright, Chauncey, [335]
• Wright, T. Strethill, [210]
• Wyman, Jeffrey, [335]

• Yeast cell, [213], [242]
• Yield-point, [679]
• Yolk of egg, [165], [660]
• Young, Thomas, [9], [36], [669], [691]