[56] It is difficult to determine exactly the work here referred to. Without doubt in this instance, as in those which follow, Foster had access to Rev. S. R. Riggs’s Grammar and Dictionary of the Dakota Language, published by the Smithsonian Institution as one of the Contributions to Knowledge, in 1852. Dr. Riggs was a close student of Siouan linguistics and published much material on the subject, his Dakota-English Dictionary being exhaustively edited with great care by J. O. Dorsey and published in final form in 1892 by the Bureau of American Ethnology. A comprehensive list of the published and manuscript material by Riggs, who was ably assisted by his wife, will be found in Pillings’s Siouan Bibliography, page 60 et seq., and in the S. D. Hist. Coll., Vol. II. At various intervals through the original work, Foster acknowledges his indebtedness to the first volume of the Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll. In this there is an excellent article by Riggs entitled The Dakota Language, from which considerable assistance was no doubt obtained.
[57] According to J. O. Dorsey in Bull. 30, B. A. E., their tribal tradition is, that after separating from the parent stock they “received the name of Pahoja, or Gray Snow.” See also W J McGee, 15th Rept., B. A. E., 1897, who says: “Iowa or Pá-qo-tce signifies ‘Dusty Heads’.” See also On the Origin of the Otos, Joways and Missouris, etc., in Maximilian’s Travels (Vol. III, Clark’s reprint, page 313). This purports to be a tradition communicated to Maj. Jonathan L. Bean, of Pennsylvania, Gov. Sub. Agent to the Sioux, 1827-34. The Iowa are designated as Pa-ho-dje, or Dust Noses.
[58] Rev. William Hamilton and Rev. Samuel McCleary Irvin, Presbyterian missionaries to the Iowa and Sauk and Fox Indians located near the mouth of the Great Nemaha river. They established what was known as the Ioway and Sac Mission Press at their station in 1848, issuing therefrom several volumes now of great rarity including An Ioway Grammar and The Ioway Primer, the latter in two editions. (See [illustration]). For a complete list of their writings see Pilling, Bibliography of the Siouan Languages, p. 31 et seq. There is an autobiography of Hamilton in Nebraska State Historical Society Reports, Vol. I, 1885, first series.
[59] See [the map] by Waw-Non-Que-Skoon-a.
[60] See [note 47.] Several references are made to the Iowa tribe at an earlier date than here mentioned. Father Louis André, 1676 André, who came to Canada during 1669, and was at Green Bay, Wis., from 1671 to 1681, designates the Nadoessi Mascouteins, which name was applied to the Iowa because of their relations for a time with the Sioux, as living about 200 leagues from that place, in 1676. (See article by Father A. E. Jones, in U. S. Cath. Hist. Mag., No. 9, 1889). Father André died in Quebec in 1715. Membré, 1680 Even before the date of Le Sueur we have a reference by Father Zenobius Membré in 1680, placing the Oto and Iowa in three great villages built near a river “which empties in the river Colbert [Mississippi] on the west side above the Illinois, almost opposite the mouth of the Wisconsin.” More than this he appears to locate a part of the Ainove (no doubt Aioue) to the west of the Milwaukee river in Wisconsin. Perrot, 1685 Perrot (Memoirs), apparently locates them, in 1685, on the plains in the vicinity of the Pawnee. Marquette’s map of 1674-79 gives the Pahoutet (Iowa), Otontanta (Oto), Maha (Omaha) a position on the Missouri river, but this is done by mere chance and without authority. La Salle, writing Hennepin August 22, 1682, mentions both Oto and Iowa under Otontanto and Aiounonea.
[61] It has often been a matter for conjecture why Le Sueur should have given himself so much concern over a mine of “green earth” as the discovery does not seem to be one meriting a great amount of distinction. Not long since, however, certain mineral specimens of metallic substance, apparently a sort of iron or copper ore, were found in the banks of the Le Sueur river (so-called by J. N. Nicollet, and on a map published in 1773, the river St. Remi), near the confluence with the Blue Earth river. Penicaut in his relation speaks of the deposit extending many miles on the banks of the river (Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. III, page 8), and it is therefore not improbable that the intrepid explorer had in mind something more real than colored marls of blue, green or yellow, which owed their color to the silicate of iron, and which were, when free from sand, highly prized and used for paint by the Indians. As an article of trade they were of value, but even this point does not fully explain the expedition. (See MS. in Ministere des Colonies, Paris, Vol. XV, c. 11, fol. 39). In a letter from the Intendant Champigny to the French Minister, also in this collection in Paris, the former says, “I think that the only mines that he (Le Sueur) seeks in those regions are mines of beaver skins.” For a lengthy sketch of the material first referred to, see Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. I, 1902, reprint, also in Neill, History of Minnesota, 3d edition, 1878, page 165, note.
[62] See [note 50.]
[63] In Shea’s Voyages Up and Down the Mississippi, Albany, 1861 (1902).
[64] The manuscript here referred to was found in 1869 in Paris, among a collection of similar material, and purchased by the Library of Congress. It consists of 452 pages, antique writing, and was first published in Margry’s Decouvertes, (ETC.), in French. Portions of it have been printed by the Minn. Hist. Soc. Coll., Vol. III, Part I, and the whole work included by B. F. French, in translation, in his Hist. Coll. of Louisiana.
[65] Edward Duffield Neill, born Philadelphia, August 9, 1823, died St. Paul, September 26, 1893. Presbyterian minister in St. Paul, 1849-60; private secretary to President Johnson, 1865-69; consul to Dublin, 1869-70 and later president of Macalester College, St. Paul. Published extensively in American history and his History of Minnesota (last edition, 1887), is considered of highest authority. See Dr. Alexander Nicolas De Menil’s Literature of the Louisiana Territory (St. Louis, 1904), for a sketch of this writer and of many others whose names are prominent in the history of the middle west.