facari means 'measure,' and it comes from the verb facari,u 'I measure' while fajime means 'beginning,' and comes from the verb fajime,uru 'I begin.' Others will be found in the dictionary. The prepositional particle mono, when placed before an abstract or verbal noun, forms a noun which indicates the subject who does the action; e.g., mono before caqi makes monocaqi 'one who writes.' This same particle when placed after a root forms a noun which indicates the effect of an action; e.g., caqimono 'a writing.'
The particle goto placed after these same roots forms a noun (12 which means a thing which is worthy of the action indicated by the verb; e.g., mi is the root of the verb mi,uru 'I see,' and migoto is 'a visible thing, or a thing worthy of being seen'; while qiqi is the root of the verb qiqi,u 'I hear,' and qiqigoto means 'a thing which can be heard, or is worthy of being heard.'
If we place certain substantive nouns after certain of the verbal nouns about which we have been speaking, there is formed a noun which has the meaning of the action; e.g., foxi is the root of the verb foxi,u 'to dry under the sun'; but, if ivo 'fish' is placed after it, the meaning of the expression foxiivo becomes 'fish dried in the sun.'
When the particle dógu 'instrument' is placed after the root of a verb it forms a noun meaning the cause or instrument of the action indicated by the verb; e.g., varaidógu 'the cause, or instrument of ridicule,' caqidógu 'a writing instrument, or an instrument for writing.'
The particle me when suffixed to a verb forms a noun which indicates the terminus of the action; e.g., avaxe is the root of the verb avaxe,uru 'to unite or join two things,' and avaxeme means 'junction.' The same is true of other forms.
An abstract noun can be formed from those adjectives ending in i if the i is changed to sa; e.g., nagai means 'is long,' and nagasa means 'length.' The adjectives ending in na change the na to sa in order to form abstract nouns; e.g., aqiraca na which means 'clear' will become aqiracasa 'clarity.'
Sometimes from two nouns taken together, often with a change in the first or last letter, there is formed a third noun, which is quasi-descriptive (quasi connotativus), almost like an adjective or noun with a
genitive; e.g., from qi 'wood' and fotoqe 'idol' there results qibotoqe 'wooden idol,' with the f changed to p [b]. But if the prefixed noun ends in e, this e is changed to a in the attributive of the compound; e.g., tçumasaqi 'the tip of the nail,' canacugui 'iron nails.' A word which is placed second in these compounds may change its first letter; if it is f it becomes b or p, if it is s it becomes z, if it is c it becomes g, if it is tç it becomes zz, if it is x it becomes j; e.g., caribune, buppô, (13 nigorizaqe, soragoto, qizzumari, and sorajeimon. See the dictionary.
Pronouns
In the Japanese language there are no derivative pronouns, such as meus,a,um, etc.; but the primitive pronouns, such as mei, tui, etc., are used. These primitive forms do not have declensions for case, but rather use the particles which are common to both nouns and pronouns.