The Aforementioned Verbs—Their Formation and Diversity[[110]]
In this language there are simple active, causative active, passive, neutral, and impersonal verbs.[[111]] All are conjugated by the three conjugations according to the way in which their roots terminate.
From certain adjectives come (procedo) certain verbs; e.g., from catai 'hard' comes catame,uru 'I make hard' which is active, catamari,u 'I become hard' which is neutral, catamerare,uru 'I am made hard' which is passive. From the adjective canaxii 'sad' comes canaximi,u which means 'to be sad.'
The causative verbs (verba faciendi facere) are formed with the particles saxe or xe. The first is added to the roots of verbs in the first conjugation,[[112]] while the second is [not] added to the roots of the second and third conjugation, but rather to the negative present after the nu has been removed; e.g., aguesaxe,uru 'I make him offer,' iomaxe,uru 'I make him read,' naravaxe,uru 'I make him learn.' All of these forms are in the first conjugation because the particles end in e. Sometimes, but rarely, saxe follows verbs of the second and third conjugation, but this is to make the verbs more elegant. It is used with the particle rare to honor someone; e.g., iomasaxe rare,uru ['he makes him read']. Padre va dojucu ni cathecismo vo naravasaxeraruru 'the priest orders his servant to learn his cathecism,'[[113]] mono no fon vo fito ni (38 iomasaxeraruru (162v.) 'he makes him read his book.'
The passive verbs (verba passiva) are made with the particles rare and re. The particle rare is added to the active verbs, according to the way explained before, after removing the nu from the negative form; e.g., aguerare,uru 'I am offered it,' iomare,uru 'I am read to,' naravare,uru 'I am taught.' They use these passive forms to mean 'to be read to by someone,' or 'to be, or not to be legible.' There are other passive forms which come from neutral verbs or verbs which have neutral meanings. They are also formed with the particles rare and re, but when they are so formed they do not govern the cases common to
the passive (for which see below) but rather the cases of the verbs from which they come; e.g., from agari,u comes agarare,uru; and, since agari,u 'I ascend' requires the accusative, this verb also requires the accusative. For example; cono iama ie agararenu (102) 'it is not possible to climb this mountain, or this mountain is unable to be climbed,' xiro cara derarenu (102) 'it is not possible to leave the castle,' xebóte irarenu (102) 'it is not possible to penetrate because it is too narrow, or confined,' cono michi va arucarenu (102) 'it is not possible to walk this street,' natçu va coco ni irare mai 'it will not be possible to live here during the summer,' cono fude de va cacarenu (102) 'it cannot be written with this pen,' fima ga nóte cacarenanda (102) 'it cannot be written because of the lack of time,' cono bun ni coso cacaruru mono de gozare (69v) 'it will indeed be well written in this way,' axi ga itóte arucarenu (102) 'it is impossible to walk because of painful feet.' All of these passive verbs are of the first conjugation.[[114]] The neutral verbs (verba neutra) are those which have a neutral meaning; i.e., being initiated by oneself, and not by others. For example; ivo ga toruru 'the fish are caught,' caje ga toruru 'the wind ceases,' ito ga qiruru 'the string is cut,' ji ga iomuru (100) 'the letter [Chinese character] is well read,' aqi,u 'I am uncovered.' Qiri,u 'I cut' is active, qirare,uru is passive, and qire,uru 'I am cut' is neutral. This last form is used when a sword cuts well because it is sharp. Qiraxe,uru is a causative verb which means 'I make someone cut.' Ague,uru means 'I raise,' aguerare,uru 'I am raised' passively, aguesaxe,uru 'I make someone raise,' agari,u 'I am raised' neutrally, agarare,uru 'to be ascendable,' agaraxe,uru 'I cause something to be raised, or I cause him or it to raise himself or itself.' If to these verbs are added the particles which indicate honor (see below) other combinations are made. The adjectives when they are conjugated have a neutral meaning; e.g., fidarui 'I am thirsty,' fucacatta 'it was deep.'
The impersonal verbs (verba impersonalia) do not name or refer to a person; e.g., mi vo fatasu tomo itçuvari vo ivanu mono gia (39 (69v) 'even if one were to die, one should not tell a lie,' mono mo tabezu saqe mo nomaide ichinichi fataraqu mono ca? (69v) 'is it possible to work all day without eating anything or drinking any wine?', xujin no
maie de sono ióna coto vo iú mono ca? 'is it possible to speak this way in front of ones lord?' Concerning the conjugations for these verbs they follow the rules according to their roots.
The root of any verb of whatever conjugation can be taken from its conjugation and changed to another conjugation by adding one of the particles of honor (honor). The resulting form will belong to the conjugation determined by the final letter of the particle. These particles are: maraxi,uru, ari,u, saxerare,uru, xerare,uru, nasare,uru, saxemaxi,u, tamai,ó, rare and re.[[115]]
The particle maraxi does not add honor to that which is talked about, but rather it is used to speak honorably to those in front of us. For example; cui,u means 'I eat,'[[116]] but a servant in front of his master will not say nezumi ga cúta 'the mice ate the cheese'; he will rather say nezumi ga cui maraxita. By itself cui,u is in the third conjugation because its root ends in ui, but if maraxi is added it becomes a verb in the first conjugation. When we refer to something about a people (natio) we do not show honor to that word but only pay attention to the person we are speaking to by adding maraxi or not. For example, if we are addressing an inferior we say Nan ban jin va core vo cuvanu; but if we are addressing a person of nobility we say Nan ban jin va core vo cui maraxenu 'Europeans do not eat this.' When ari,u is added to the root of any verb it attaches a middling (mediocris) degree of honor; e.g., modori aró ca? 'are you going to come back?' If you add vo in front of the verb it is honored moderately (satis); e.g., vomodori aró ca? 'Your Lordship is going to come back?' Tono sama vo xini atta toqi 'when the master died,' Deus cono xecai vo gosacu atta 'God created the world.'[[117]] We use these particles when we are speaking with honored persons whom we like and with whom we are on friendly terms.