When the negative gerund in Do, which ends in e, is followed by va, naranu, or canavanu it expresses necessity or the impossibility of the contrary; e.g., mairaide canavanu (106v)[[137]] 'it is necessary to go,' ivaide va no coto naredomo, nanto xô ca? 'and if the thing which is said to be necessary happens, what shall I do?' xitagavaide naranu 'it is necessary to obey.' The same meaning, but with less strength, is obtained with the future of the affirmative or negative infinitive and the permissive subjunctive in domo; e.g., mairǒ coto de gozatta redomo (18)[[138]] 'although I should have gone,' mairu mai queredomo [... qeredomo] (18)[[139]] 'although I should not be going,' mairǒ coto de gozanacatta redomo (18) 'although I did not have to go.' They also use the negative gerund in Do to obtain the meaning of 'if not'; e.g., òracio vo mǒsaide cú na 'do not eat unless you have said your prayers.'
The gerund in e indicates an action already done; e.g., mexi cúte coi 'come after eating!' cono qió ga caite gozaru 'this book was written,' chichi ni fumi vo cacaide cuiaxiú gozaru [... cuiaxú ...] 'I am ashamed that I did not send a letter to your father,' cono qió ga caite gozaranu 'this book was not written.'
The particle nagara, when added to the root of a verb, forms a gerund in Do if it is followed by a verb indicating a repugnant or contrary action; e.g., toganin Deus iori bacutai no go von, o uqetatematçuri nagara; caietta somuqi tatematçuru [... go von vo uqe ...][[140]] 'sinners receiving, or even if sinners receive, benefits from God, they will offend him rather than be grateful,' Jesu Cristo Deus de gozari nagara, fito ni taixite cruz ni cacaraxerareta 'while Jesus Christ was a God, he was crucified for man.' Nagara is also added to nouns; e.g., quantai nagara (136v) 'although there was some lack of education,' sannin nagara (137) 'three at the same time, or even if there are three' aqiraca
nagara (136v) 'although he is famous.' In this instance aqiraca na loses its na as do all the other adjectives that end in na.
The particle iasui is added to the roots of active and passive verbs to form the supine in Tu; e.g., iomi iasui 'easy to read,' corosare iasui 'easy to be killed.' The same thing is achieved by the following way of speaking; iúte va vosoroxij 'it is terrible to say,' mite va (49 fuxiguina 'it is admirable to see,' iú vo mo vosoroxij 'it is terrible to say.'
The Adverbs
First Section[[141]]
Adverbs are formed from adjectives ending in ai by changing the ai to ó; e.g., fucó 'deeply,' for those ending in oi by changing the oi to ô; e.g., caxico [caxicô] 'wisely,' for those ending in ei by changing the ei to eô; e.g., xigueo [xigueô] 'densely,' for those ending in ui by changing the ui to ú; e.g., aiǔ 'in danger,' and for those ending in ij by changing the ij to iú; e.g., cavaiú 'unhappily.'
Adverbs of Place[[142]]
The interrogative pronouns are eight in number; izzucu[?], izzucata[?], donata[?], doco?, dochi?, dochira?, dono tocoro[?], and dono fǒ?, and they signify 'which place?' To these adverbs are added the particles va, no, ni, ie, vo, cara, and iori according to the case required, such as 'from where,' 'whither,' 'through which place,' 'in what place,' etc. Made can also be added to them with the meaning of 'to the limit of which'; doco made ie iqó ca[?] 'up to where will you go?' The interrogative particle, ca? or zo[?], is added to these questions but it is better to use zo rather than ca in sentences with an interrogative particle; e.g., izzuru ie maitta zo 'where did you go,' dono tocoro vo tovotta zo 'at which place did you cross,' doco iori itta zo 'through where did he enter,' dochi cara qita zo? 'from where did he come?',