The particle tai 'I want' is added to the roots of verbs and signifies the desire to do the thing indicated by the verb; e.g., mizzu vo nomi tai[[133]] 'I want to drink some water,' mizzu vo nomi tó gozaru or mizzu vo nomi tó zonzuru, but these last two forms are more noble. Here is an example of the noble form in the negative, tǒ mo nai; e.g., mizzu vo nomi tǒ mo nai 'I do not want to drink water,' and mizzu vo nomi tǒ mo gozaranu. Mairu tó mo zonjenu means 'I do not want to go.' When the particle tai is added to adjectives, or verbs indicating a sensory act (actionem sensitiuam) in the first person,[[134]] the i is changed to c; and the verb ari,u is added and conjugated in the tense required by the sentence; e.g., cuitacatta 'I wanted to eat.' If the verb is in the second or third person, the i is changed to g and again the verb ari,u is added, or an honorific particle depending upon what the person deserves, or without it as an absolute form. But if the person is inferior, the i is changed to c as said before.
The particle de sometimes gives a subjunctive sense when it is added to nouns; e.g., varãbe de xinda 'he died a child, or when he was a child,' vare ga buchófó de tofó mo gozanai (163v)[[135]] [... buchôfó ...] 'since I am clumsy and not careful, nothing will work out in a way that will be harmonious.'
The particle ió 'way' is added to the roots of verbs and also to the
verbs themselves. When the root governs the genitive, the verb governs the same case; e.g., cono qiǒ no iomi ió va 'the way of (47 reading this book,' or cono qió vo iomu iǒ va. In the first sentence qiǒ is in the genitive with the particle no; in the second sentence it is in the accusative with vo because yomu governs this case. Tei signifies an extraordinary and marvelous way of doing something; e.g., machicanuru tei vo goron jerarei (122)[[136]] 'might your Lordship observe the way that they are expectant.' Also, arisama means 'way,' me mo aterarenu arisama gia 'it is a way, or a form (figura), which is unable to be seen.'
Sama indicates the time of the action of the verb to which it is added while governing the case required by the verb. It is added to the root of the verb; e.g., saqe vo nomi sama ni (105) 'when he actually drank the wine,' iado ie caieri sama ni (105) 'when he returned home,' fune iori agari sama ni (105) 'when he actually disembarked from the ship,' fune ni nori sama ni 'when he actually boarded the ship.'
When there are in a sentence two verbs whose actions form a single action, the first verb is put into the form of the gerund in Do; e.g., mizzu vo motte coi 'bring some water, or come bringing water,' fune vo voite coi 'bring the boat here, or come poling the boat,' core vo totte iqe 'take this, or carry this and go.'
The gerund in Do when added to verbs of asking, giving, or doing, means that one is asking to know or to acquire the thing which is indicated by the verb to which it is added; e.g., nifon guchi vo voxiiete cure io 'teach me Japanese,' sǒ voxerarete cudasaruru na [sǒ vôxerarete ...] 'your Lordship ought not say that,' Deus no coto vo catatte tamǒre 'do me the favor of relating to me those things which pertain to God.'
The particle mo placed after the gerund in Do, whether it ends in te or de, means 'although'; e.g., sǒ mǒxite mo 'although you say so,' ica fodo susumete mo, corobu mai 'no matter how much you try to persuade me, I will not deny the faith.' They also use sǒ mǒxeba atte mo 'even if you say that,' dǒxitemo cǒxitemo (134v) 'what ever you do.'
If the particle coso (see above) is added to the affirmative gerund in Do; and, if the sentence ends in this particle, the sentence becomes
negative; e.g., mite coso 'I did not see anything,' atte coso 'there is no way.' But if the sentence does not end in coso, it becomes affirmative (48 and emphatic; e.g., mite coso gozare (116) 'I certainly saw.' The verb ends in e according to the rule explained above when the particle coso was being discussed.