The Steam Engine Familiarly Explained and Illustrated / With an historical sketch of its invention and progressive improvement; its applications to navigation and railways; with plain axioms for railway speculators

by Dionysius Lardner

To remove these difficulties, a pump is placed near the condenser communicating with it by a valve M, which opens from the condenser into the pump. In this pump is placed a piston which moves air-tight, and in which there is a valve N, which opens upwards. Now suppose the piston at the bottom of the pump. As it rises, since the valve in it opens upwards, no air can pass down through it, and consequently it leaves a vacuum below it. The water and any air which may be collected in the condenser open the valve M, and pass into the lower part of the pump from which they cannot return in consequence of the valve M opening outwards. On the descent of the pump-piston, the fluids which occupy the lower part of the pump, force open the piston-valve N; and passing through it, get above the piston, from which their return is prevented by the valve N. In the next ascent, the piston lifts these fluids to the top of the pump, whence they are discharged through a conduit into a small cistern B by a valve K which opens outwards. The water which is thus collected in B is heated by the condensed steam, and is reserved in B, which is called the hot well for feeding the boiler, which is effected by means which we shall presently explain. The pump which draws off the hot water and air from the condenser is called the air-pump.

(50.) We have not yet explained the manner in which the valves and the air-pump piston are worked. The rod Q of the latter is connected with the working beam, and the pump is therefore wrought by the engine itself. It is not very material to which arm of the beam it is attached. If it be on the same side of the centre of the beam with the cylinder, it rises and falls with the steam-piston; but if it be on the opposite side, the pump-piston rises when the steam-piston falls, and vice versâ. In the single-engine there are some advantages in the latter arrangement. As the steam-piston descends, the steam rushes into the condenser, and the jet is playing; and this, therefore, is the most favourable time for drawing out the water and condensed steam from the condenser by the ascent of the pump-piston, since by this means the descent of the steam-piston is assisted; an effect which would not be produced if the steam-piston and pump-piston descended together.

With respect to the method of opening and closing the valves, it is evident that the three valves which are simultaneously opened and closed may be so connected as to be worked by the same lever. This lever may be struck by a pin fixed upon the rod Q of the air-pump, so that when the pistons have arrived at the top of the cylinders the pin strikes the lever and opens the three valves. A catch or detent is provided for keeping them open during the descent of the piston, from which they are disengaged in a similar manner on the arrival of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder, and they close by their own weight.

In exactly the same way the lower steam-valve is opened on the arrival of the piston at the bottom of the cylinder, and closed on its arrival at the top by the action of a pin placed on the piston-rod of the air-pump.

(51.) Soon after the invention of these engines, Watt found that in some instances inconvenience arose from the too rapid motion of the steam-piston at the end of its stroke, owing to its being moved with an accelerated motion. This was owing to the uniform action of the steam-pressure upon it: for upon first putting it in motion at the top of the cylinder, the motion was comparatively slow; but from the continuance of the same pressure the velocity with which the piston descended was continually increasing, until it reached the bottom of the cylinder, where it acquired its greatest velocity. To prevent this, and to render the descent as nearly as possible uniform, it was proposed to cut off the steam before the descent was completed, so that the remainder might be effected merely by the expansion of the steam which was admitted to the cylinder. To accomplish this, he contrived, by means of a pin on the rod of the air-pump, to close the upper steam-valve when the steam-piston had completed one-third of its entire descent, and to keep it closed during the remainder of the descent, and until the piston again reached the top of the cylinder. By this arrangement the steam pressed the piston with its full force through one-third of the descent, and thus put it into motion; during the other two thirds the steam thus admitted acted merely by its expansive force, which became less in exactly the same proportion as the space given to it by the descent of the piston increased. Thus, during the last two thirds of the descent the piston is urged by a gradually decreasing force, which in practice was found just sufficient to sustain in the piston a uniform velocity.

(52.) We have already mentioned the difficulty arising from the water in the cistern, in which the condenser and air-pump are placed, becoming heated, and the condensation therefore being imperfect. To prevent this, a waste-pipe is placed in this cistern, from which the water is continually discharged, and a pump L (called the cold-water-pump) is worked by the engine itself, which raises a supply of cold water and sends it through a pipe in a constant stream into the cold cistern. The waste-pipe, through which the water flows from the cistern, is placed near the top of it, since the heated water, being lighter than the cold, remains on the top. Thus the heated water is continually flowing off, and a constant stream of cold water supplied. The piston-rod of the cold-water-pump is attached to the beam (by which it is worked), usually on the opposite side from the cylinder.

Another pump O (called the hot-water-pump) enters the hot well B; and raising the water from it, forces it through a tube to the boiler for the purpose of feeding it. The manner in which this is effected will be more particularly described hereafter. A part of the heat which would otherwise be lost, is thus restored to the boiler to assist in the production of fresh steam. We may consider a portion of the heat to be in this manner circulating continually through the machine. It proceeds from the boiler in steam, works the piston, passes into the condenser, and is reconverted into hot water; thence it is passed to the hot well, from whence it is pumped back into the boiler, and is again converted into steam, and so proceeds in constant circulation.

From what has been described, it appears that there are four pistons attached to the great beam and worked by the piston of the steam-cylinder. On the same side of the centre with the cylinder is the piston-rod of the air-pump, and on the opposite side are the piston-rods of the hot-water pump and the cold-water-pump; and lastly, at the extremity of the beam opposite to that at which the steam-piston works, is the piston of the pump to be wrought by the engine.

(53.) The position of these piston-rods with respect to the centre of the beam depends on the play necessary to be given to the piston. If the play of the piston be short, its rod will be attached to the beam near the centre; and if longer, more remote from the centre. The cylinder of the air-pump is commonly half the length of the steam-cylinder, and its piston-rod is attached to the beam at the point exactly in the middle between the end of the beam and the centre. The hot-water pump not being required to raise a considerable quantity of water, its piston requires but little play, and is therefore placed near the centre of the beam, the piston-rod of the cold-water pump being farther from the centre.

(54.) It appears to have been about the year 1763, that Watt made these improvements in the steam engine, and constructed a model which fully realized his expectations. Either from want of influence or the fear of prejudice and opposition, he did not make known his discovery or attempt to secure it by a patent at that time. Having adopted the profession of a land surveyor, his business brought him into communication with Dr. Roebuck, at that time extensively engaged in mining speculations, who possessed some command of capital, and was of a very enterprising disposition. By Roebuck's assistance and countenance, Watt erected an engine of the new construction at a coal mine on the estate of the Duke of Hamilton, at Kinneil near Burrowstoness. This engine being a kind of experimental one, was improved from time to time as circumstances suggested, until it reached considerable perfection. While it was being erected, Watt in conjunction with Roebuck applied for and obtained a patent to secure the property in the invention. This patent was enrolled in 1769, six years after Watt invented the improved engine.