Myths of Babylonia and Assyria - Donald A. Mackenzie

Cailleach (käl´yăk), the Gaelic, a wind hag, [73]; as eternal goddess, [101]. Calah (kä´lah), the Biblical. See Kalkhi. Calendar, the early Egyptian, [14]; the Babylonian, [305]. Cambyses (kam-bī´sēz), as King of Babylon, [495]; sacrifice of Apis bull to Mithra by, [495]; wife of a Semiramis, [496]. Canaan, Abraham arrives in, [245]; tribes in, [245], [246]; Elamite conquest of, [247], [248], [249]; first reference to Israelites in, [379]. Canaanites, Hittites identified with, [266]. Canals of Ancient Babylonia, [22], [23]. Cappadocia, Cimmerians in, [472]. Captivity, the Hebrew, Chebar river (Kheber canal) at Nippur, [344]. Carchemish (kär´ke-mish), German railway bridge and Hittite wall at, [357](n[[407]].); Hittite city state of, [395]; revolt of, [461]; Nebuchadrezzar defeats Pharaoh Necho at, [489]. Caria (kär´i-ä), assists Lydia against Cimmerians, [484]; mercenaries from in Egypt, [486]. Cat, sun god as, [329]. Caucasus, the, skull forms in, [8]. Cave dwellers, the Palestinian, [10]. Celtic goddesses, of Iberian origin, [105]. Celtic water demon myths, [28]. Celts, Achaeans and, [377]. Ceres (sē-rēz), [103]. Chaldae´ans, Babylonian priests called, [222], [497]; in Hammurabi Age, [257]; history of, [390]; Aramaeans and, [390]; Judah's relations with, [408]; Merodach Baladan King of, [457] et seq.; revolt of against Esarhaddon, [471]; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, [484]; Nabo-polassar King of Babylon, [487]. Charms, the burial, [206]; ornaments as, [211]; the metrical and poetic development, [237]-[239] . Chedor-laomer (ched´or-lä´o-mer), the Biblical, [247], [248]. Chellean (shel´le-an) flints, in Palestine, [10]. Cherubs, the four-faced, [344]. Child god, Tammuz and Osiris as the, [89], [90]; Sargon of Akkad as, [91]; Germanic Scyld or Sceaf as, [92], [93]. Children, stolen by hags and fairies, [68]; in mother worship, [107], [108]. China, spitting customs in, [47]; dragons of, [152]; ancestor worship in, [295]. Chinese, language of and the Sumerian, [3]. Chronology, inflated dating and Berlin system, [xxiv], [xxv]. Cilicia, thunder god of, [261]; Ate, goddess of, [267]; Hittite Kingdom of, [395]; Ionians in, [464]; in anti-Assyrian league, [473]; Ashur-bani-pal expels Cimmerians from, [484], [486]. Cimmerians, raids of in Asia Minor, [461], [464]; Esarhaddon and, [472]; Gyges of Lydia and, [483], [484], [486]; Lydians break power of, [486]. Clans, Totemic names and symbols of, [293]. Clepsydra, a Babylonian invention, [323]. Clothing, magical significance of, [212]; the reed mats and sheepskins in graves, [213]; the bull skin, [213]; the ephod and prophet's mantle, [213], [214]. Comana (kō-mä´na), Hittite city of, [395]. Constellations, the Zu bird, [74]; why animal forms were adopted, [289]; the "Great Bear" in various mythologies, [295], [296], [309]; the Pleiades, [296], [297]; Pisces as "fish of Ea", [296]; the "sevenfold one", [298], [300]; Merodach's forms, [299]; Castor and Pollux myths in Australia, Africa, and Greece, [300]; Tammuz and Orion, [301]; months controlled by, [305]; signs of Zodiac, [305]; Babylonian and modern signs, [308]; the central, northern, and southern, [309]; "Fish of the Canal" and "the Horse", [309]; the "Milky Way", [309]; identified before planets, [318]; Biblical and literary references to, [324], [325]; the "Arrow", "Eagle", "Vulture", "Swan", and "Lyra", [336], [337]. Copper, Age of in Palestine, [11]; first use of, [12]; in Northern Mesopotamia, [25]; Gudea of Lagash takes from Elam, [130]. Corn child god, Tammuz and Osiris as, [89], [90]; Sargon as, [91]; the Germanic Scyld or Scef, [92], [93], [94]; Frey and Heimdal as, [94]. Corn Deities, as river and fish gods and goddesses, [29], [32], [33]. Corn god, moon god as, [52]; Mithra as, [55]; the thunder god as, [57], [340]; Tammuz and Osiris as, [81] et seq.; Khonsu as, [90]; Frey and Agni as, [94]; fed with sacrificed children, [171]. Corn goddess, Isis as, [90]; fish goddess as, [117]. Cow goddesses, Isis, Nepthys, and Hathor as, [99], [329]. Creation, local character of Babylonian conception, [xxix]; of mankind at Eridu, [38]; legend of, [134], [138] et seq.; night as parent of day, [330]. Creative tears, [45] et seq. Creator gods, Ea and Ptah as, [30]; eagle god as, [169]. Creatress, the goddess Mama as, [57]; Aruru as, [100], [148]; forms of, [437]. Cremation, traces of in Gezer caves, [11]; the ceremony of, [49]; not Persian or Sumerian, [50]; in European Bronze Age, [316]; Saul burned, [350]; Sardanapalus legend, [350]. Crete, chronology of, [xxv], [114]; no temples, [xxxi]; women's high social status in, [16]; Dagon's connection with, [33]; prehistoric pottery in, [263]; Hyksos trade with, [273]; Achaeans invade, [376], [377]; Philistine raiders from, [379]; dove and snake sacred in, [430]; dove goddess not Babylonian, [433], [434]. Crocodile god of Egypt, [29]; sun god as, [329]. Croesus of Lydia, Cyrus defeats, [494]. Cromarty, the south-west wind hag or, [73]. Cronos, as the Destroyer, [64]; Ninip and Set and, [315]. Cuneiform writing, earliest use of, [7]. Cushites, Biblical reference to, [276]. Cuthah (kü´thah), Nergal, god of, [54]; annual fires at, [170]; the Underworld city of, [205]; demon legend of, [215], [216]; men of in Samaria, [455], [456]. "Cuthean Legend of Creation", [215], [216]. Cyaxares (sy-ax´är-es), Median King, Nineveh captured by, [488]; ally of Nabopolassar, [493]. Cybele (ky-be´le), Attis lover of, [103], [104], [267]. Cyprus, dove goddess not Babylonian, [433], [434]; dove goddess of, [426], [427], [433], [434]; Ashur-bani-pal and, [484]. Cyrus, Merodach calls, [493]; the Patriarch of, [493]; the eagle tribe of, [493]; Astyages defeated by, [493]; Egypto-Lydian alliance against, [494]; Nabonidus and, [494]; Croesus of Lydia overthrown by, [494]; fell of Babylon, [494], [495]; the King of Babylonia, [495]; welcomed by Jews, [495]; rebuilding of Jerusalem temple, [496].

D

Dadu (dä´dü), Ramman as, [57]. Dagan (däg´an), the Babylonian, identical with Ea, [31]; Nippur temple of, [131]; under Isin Dynasty, [132]. Dagda (dag´da), the Irish corn god, [33]. [238]. Dagon (dag´on), Jah and Ea as, [31]; Dagan and, [31], [32]; as a fish and corn deity, [32]; Baal-dagon and, [32]; offering of mice to, [32], [33]. Daguna (däg´ü-na), Dagon and Dagan and, [31]. Daityas (dait´yăs), the Indian, like Babylonian demons, [34]. Damascius, on Babylonian deities, [328]. Damascus, Aramaean state of, [390]; Israel and Judah subject to, [395], [396]; Asa's appeal to, [404]; conflict with Assyria, [407]; Judah and Israel allied against, [408]; murder of Ben-hadad II, [410]; Palestine subject to, [414]; Israel overcomes, [449]; conquered by Adad-nirari IV, [438], [439]. Damik-ilishu (dam-ik-il-i´shü), last king of Isin Dynasty, [133]. Damkina (dam´ki-na), wife of Ea, [33], [34]; demon attendants of, [63]; as mother of Ea, [105]; as mother of Enlil, [139]; Zerpanitum and, [160]; association of with moon, [436]; creatrix and, [437]. Damu (dä´mü), the fairy goddess of dreams, [77], [78]. Danavas (dän´ăvas), the Indian, like Babylonian demons, [34]. Dancing, the constellations, [333]. Danes, harvest god as patriarch of, [92]. Daniel, Nebuchadrezzar's "fiery furnace", [349]. Danu (dä-nü), the Irish goddess, [268]. Daonus or Daos, the shepherd, Tammuz as, [83], [86]. Dari´us I, claims to be Achaemenian, [496]; plots against Merodach cult, [497]. Darius II, death of at Babylon, [497]. Darius III, Alexander the Great overthrows, [497]. Dasa (dä'să), the Indian, as "foreign devil", [67]. Dasyu (däsh´yoo), the Indian, as "foreign devil", [67]. Date palm, in Babylonia, [25]. David, the ephod used by, [213], [214], [388]. Dead, the, Nergal lord of, [56]; ghosts of searching for food, [70], [71]; Osiris lord of, [86]; charms, weapons, and food for, [206]; "houses" of, [206]-[208] ; spirits of as warriors and fishermen, [212]. Death, eagle of, [168]; the Roman, [169]; Hercules and, [170]. Death, the sea of, in Gilgamesh epic, [178] et seq. Death, the stream of, [56]. Deer, associated with Lagash goddess, [120]. Deities, the local, [43], [44]; food and water required by, [44]; the mead of, [45]; early groups of in Egypt and Sumeria, [105], [106]; made drunk at banquet, [144]. Deluge Legend, Smith translates, [xxii]. See Flood Legends. Demeter (de-me´ter), the goddess, Poseidon as lover of, [33], [103]. Demons, the Babylonian Ocean, [34]; gods as, [35], [62], [135]; Enlil lord of, [35], [63]; Tiamat and Apsu as, [37], [38], [64]; Tiamat's brood, [140], [141], [214], [215]; "ceremonies of riddance", [58]; as sources of misfortune, [60]; in images, [61]; the winged bull, &c., [65]; the "will-o'-the-wisp", [66], [67]; Anu as father of, [63], [68]; as lovers, [67], [68]; Adam's first wife Lilith, [67]; ghosts as, [69], [215]; penetrate everywhere, [71], [72]; as pigs, horses, goats, &c., [71]; Set pig of Egypt, [85]; as wind hags, [72], [73]; the Zu bird, [74]; Indian eagle, [166]; association of with gods, [76]; the serpent mother one of the, [74]-[76] ; the Jinn, [78]; as composite monsters, [79]; the Teutonic Beli, [95]; in mythology and folk lore, [151] et seq.; the Gorgons, [159]; King of Cuthah's battle against, [214], [215]; disease germs as, [234]. De Morgan, pottery finds by, [263]. Derceto (der-ke´to), fish goddess, Semiramis and, [277], [418], [423]; mermaid form of, [426]; Atargatis legend, [426], [427]; dove symbol of, [432]; legends attached to, [437]. De Sarzec, M., [xxiii]. "Descent of Ishtar", poem, [95] et seq. Destroyer, the, "World Mother" as, [xxx], [100]; Ninip as, [53]; goddess Ninsun as, [57]; Enlil and Nergal as, [62], [63], [303]; Egyptian and Indian deities as, [63], [85], [157], [336]; Cronos as, [64]; "Shedu" bull as, [65]; Set boar as, [85]; Babylonian boar god as, [86]; eagle as, [168], [169]; "winged disk" as, [336]; sun as, [336]; Thor, Ashur, Tammuz, and Indra each as, [340]. Diarmid, the Celtic, Tammuz-Adonis and, [84], [87]; water of life myth, [186], [187]; Totemic boar and, [293]. Dietrich (dēt´rēch: 'ch' as in loch) as the thunder god, [74], [164]. Diodo´rus, on Babylonian star lore, [309]. Disease, Nergal the god of, [53], [54]; goddess of, [77]; demons of, [60], [63], [77]. Divorce, in Babylonia, [227]. Doctors, laws regarding, [230], [231]; Herodotus on, [231]; Assyrian king and, [231], [232]. Doves, goddesses and, [418]; Semiramis protected after birth by, [424]; goddess of Cyprus and, [426]; Aphrodite and, [427]; Ishtar and Gula and, [427], [428]; associated with temples and homes, [428]; in Gilgamesh epic, [428]; deities identified with, [429]; ravens and, [429]; sacred at Mycenae, [430]; snakes and in Crete, [430]; sacred among Semites and Hittites, [430]; Egyptian lovers and, [431]; pigeon lore in England, Ireland, and Scotland, [431]; fish and, [432]; Totemic theory, [432] et seq.; antiquity of veneration of, [433], [434]; sacrificed in Israel, [439]; the Persian eagle legend and, [493]. Dragon, the, of Babylon, [62]; in group of seven spirits, [63]; Tiamat as the female, [38], [64]; Tiamat as ocean, [15], as "fire drake", "worm", &c., [151]; "Ku-pu" of Tiamat, [147]; heart of, [147] n.; liver vulnerable part of, [153]; the male, [156] (see Apsu); Biblical references to, [114], [157], [158]; Eur-Asian variations of myth of, [151], [152]; well of at Jerusalem, [152]; the Egyptian, [156]; Sutekh as slayer of, [157]; Merodach as slayer of (see Merodach). Drake, the Fire, the Babylonian, [66], [67]; dragon as, [151]. Dreams, the fairy goddess of, [77], [78]. Drink traffic, women monopolized in Babylonia, [229]. Drinking customs, religious aspect of, [45]; inspiration from blood, [48]; the gods drunk at Anshar's banquet, [144]. Dungi (dün´gi), King of Ur, [130]; daughters of as rulers, [130]; an Ea worshipper, [131]. Dyaus (rhymes with "mouse"), displaced by Indra, [302]. Dying gods, the eternal goddess and the, [101] et seq.; death a change of form, [305].

E

Ea (ā´ä), god of the deep, Ashur-banipal and, [xxii], [xxiii]; a typical Babylonian god, [xxviii], [xxix], [27]; Oannes and, [27], [30]; as world artisan like Ptah and Indra, [30]; connection of with sea and Euphrates, [28], [29], [39]; as sea-demon, [62]; names of, [30], [39]; as fish and corn god, [32]; Dagon, Poseidon, Neptune, Frey, Shony, &c., and, [31], [33]; Dagon and Dagan, [31]; Ea as Dagan at Nippur, [131]; as Ya, or Jah, of Hebrews, [31]; Totemic fish of, [294]; Indian Varuna and, [31], [34], [209]; wife of as earth lady, [33]; wife of as mother, [105]; Anu and, [34]; Enlil and, [35]; demons of, [35], [63]; in early triad, [36], [37], [463]; Indian Vishnu and, [38]; as dragon slayer, [38], [140], [153], [157]; Adapa, son of, a demon slayer, [72], [73]; in demon war, [77]; as "great magician", [38], [46]; moon god and, [40], [50], [51], [53]; solar attributes of, [50], [51], [53]; food supply and, [43]; beliefs connected with, [44]; Nusku as messenger of, [50]; Nebo a form of, [303], [435]; gods that link with, [57], [58]; as form of Anshar, [125]; family of including Merodach and Tammuz, [72], [73], [82]; daughter of, [117]; Merodach supplants, [158]; Enlil as son of, [139]; Ashur as son of, [348]; planetary gods and, [304]; worshipped at Lagash, [116]; earliest form of, [134]; under Isin Dynasty, [132]; in Creation legend, [138] et seq.; astral "field" of, [147], [307]; constellations and, [296]; Merodach directs decrees of, [149]; Etana and eagle visit heaven of, [166]; in flood legend, [190] et seq.; as Aos, [328]; the goat and, [333]; as "high head", [334]; Sargon II and, [463]. Ea-bani (ā´ä-bä´ni), [41], [42]; ghost of as "wind gust", [48], [49]; goat demi-god, [135]; lured from the wilds, [173]; as ally of Gilgamesh, [174]; Ishtar's wooing, [174], [175]; slaying of Ishtar's bull, [176]; death of, [176], [177]; ghost of invoked by Gilgamesh, [183], [184]. Eagle, the, Sumerian Zu bird and Indian Garuda eagle, [74], [75], [165], [166], [168], [169], [330], [346], [347]; the lion headed as Nin-Girsu (Tammuz), [120], [135]; in Etana myth, [165]; in Nimrod myth, [166], [167]; in Alexander the Great legend, [167]; in Scottish folk tale, [167], [168]; as soul carrier, [168]; Roman Emperor's soul and, [169]; Hercules and, [170], [349]; Gilgamesh protected at birth by, [171]; Persian patriarch protected at birth by, [493]; the Totemic theory, [293], [493]; wheel of life and, [346], [347]; Ashur and Horus and, [343]; wings of on Ashur disk, [351], [352]. Eagle stone, as a birth charm, [165]. Eagle tribe, the ancient, [493]. Eannatum (ā´än-nä´tum), King of Lagash, a great conqueror, [118], [119]; rules Ur and Erech, [119]; works of, [119]; mound burial in period of, [214]. Earth children, elves and dwarfs as, [292], [292] n. Earth spirits, males among father worshippers, [105]; the Egyptian, Teutonic, Aryan, and Siberian, [105]; elves and fairies as, [294], [295]. Earth worship, moon and stone worship and, [52]. Ecclesiastes, "Lay of the Harper", "Song of the Sea Lady" and, [179], [180]. Ecke (eck-ā), Tyrolese storm demon, [74]. Eclipse foretold by Assyrian and Babylonian astronomers, [321], [322]; the Ahaz sundial record, [323]; Babylonian records of, [324]; in reign of Ashurdan III, [442]. Ecliptic, when divided, [322]. Edinburgh, the giant Arthur of, [164]. Edom, Judah and, [402], [409], [448]; tribute from to Assyria, [439]. Education, in Hammurabi Age, [251]. Egg, the, goddess Atargatis born of, [28], [426]; thorn as life in, [352]. Egypt, agricultural festivals in, [xxxi]; debt of modern world to, [xxxv]; prehistoric agriculture in, [6]; Mediterranean race in, [7]; early shaving customs, [5], [9], [10]; theory copper first used in, [12]; social status of women in, [16]; early gods of and Sumerian, [26], [36], [37]; creative tears of deities of, [45]; lunar worship in, [52]; god and goddess cults in, [105]; Great Mother Nut of, [106]; at dawn of Sumerian history, [114]; bearded deities of, [136]; dragon of, [156]; "Lay of Harper" and Sumerian "Song of Sea Lady", [178], [179]; flood legend of, [197]; feast of dead in, [206]; burial customs and Sumerian, [209]-[214] ; Hyksos invasion and Hittite raid on Babylon, [259]; culture debt of to Syria, [275]; prehistoric Armenoid invasion of, [11], [263]; prehistoric black foreign pottery, [263]; Totemism in, [292]-[295] , [432]-[433] ; Syrian empire of lost, [284]; fairies and elves of, [294]; Pharaoh displaces gods in, [295]; doctrine of mythical ages in, [315]; the phoenix, [330]; the "man in the sun", [336]; Neith as a thunder goddess, [337], [337] n.; Ankh symbol, [347]; influence of Hittites in, [364]; wars with Hittites, [365], [366]; Cretans and sea raiders,[378]; Hebrews and, [388]; "mother right" in, [418]; sacred pigeons in, [428]; fosters revolt against Sargon II, [457]; Pharaoh and Piru of Mutsri, [458] and n.; Sennacherib defeats army of, [465]; intrigues against Assyria, [465], [471]; as Assyrian province, [475]; Ashur-bani-pal and, [482], [484]; Assyrian yoke shaken off, [486]; Scythians on frontier of, [488]; after Assyria's fall, [489]; Hophra plots against Nebuchadrezzar II, [491]. El´ah, King of Israel, [405]. Elam, prehistoric pottery of, [5], [263]; copper from, [130]; British influence in [357]; caravan routes of, [361]. Elamites, relations with early Sumerians, [111]; defeated by Eannatum of Lagash, [118]; raid on Lagash by, [121]; Sargon of Akkad defeats, [127]; Ur dynasty overthrown by, [131]; in Hammurabi Age, [217]; conquests of Warad-Sin and Rim-Sin, [217]; King Sin-mubal-lit's struggle with, [242], [243]; Medes and, [244]; King of and Abraham, [247]; in Syria, [247]; driven from Babylonia, [249]; in Kassite period, [274], [370], [380], [381]; connection of with early Assyria, [278]; struggle for trade expansion, [361] et seq.; Babylonian raid, [369]; during Solomon period, [391]; Esarhaddon and, [472]; Ashur-bani-pal subdues, [484], [485]. Elisha, call of Jehu, [409], [410]; call of Hazael, [410], [411]. Elves, the Babylonian, [67]; as lovers, [68]; origin of conception of, [79], [80], [292]; like Indian Ribhus and Siberian "masters", [105]; the European, Egyptian, and Indian, [294]; human bargains with, [294], [295]. Enannatum I (en-an-nä´tum) of Lagash, defeats Umma force, [119]. Enannatum II, King of Lagash, last of Ur-Nina's line, [120]. England, the ancestral giant of, [42]; spitting customs in, [47]; return of dead dreaded in, [70], [70]n; Black Annis, the wind hag, [73], [101]; fairies and elves of, [80], [186]; the "fire drake" of, [151]; "Long Meg" a hag of, [156]; "Long Tom" a giant of, [156]; pigeon lore in, [431]. Enki (än´ki), "lord of the world", Ea as, [31]. See Ea. En´lil, god of Nippur and elder Bel, lord of demons, [35]; spouse of, [36]; in early group of deities, [37]; like Indian Shiva, [38]; deities that link with, [35], [57], [271], [272]; as destroyer, [62], [63]; "fates" as sons of, [80]; Ur Nina worshipped, [116]; as son of Anu, [124]; as son of Ea, [139]; Ninip as son and father of, [53], [158], [302]; during Isis Dynasty, [132]; astral "field" of, [147]; Merodach directs decrees of, [149]; as corn god, [159]; monotheism of cult of, [161]; temple of as "world house", [35], [332]; as bull and "high head", [334]; Etana in heaven of, [166]; also rendered Ellil. See Bel. Enlil-bani (en´lil-bä´ni), King of Isin, a usurper like Sargon, [133]. En-Mersi (en-mer´si), a form of Tammuz, [116]. Enneads, the Babylonian and Egyptian, [36]. Entemena(en-te´men-a), King of Lagash, Umma subdued by, [119], [120]; famous silver vase of, [120]; worshipped as a god, [257], [258]. Ephod, the, used by David, [213], [214]. Ephron the Hittite, [12]. Equinoxes, precession of, where law of discovered: Greece or Babylonia? [320], [320]n, [322]. Erech, Anu god of, [34]; gods of become flies and mice, [41]; destroying sun goddess of, [57]; Ur-Nina and, [116]; under Lagash, [119]; an ancient capital, [124], [125]; rise of after Akkad, [129]; moon god at, [130]; in Gilgamesh epic, [172] et seq.; in revolt against Ashur-bani-pal, [484]; Nabonidus and, [492]. Eresh-ki-gal (eresh-ki´gäl), goddess of death, [53]; Nergal husband and conqueror of, [53], [54], [204], [205], [303]; as a Norn, [77]; "Fates" as sons of, [80]; as wife of Enlil, [80]; Germanic hag like, [95]; punishment of Ishtar by, [96], [97]; as destroyer, [100]. Eridu (e´ri-dü), once a seaport, [22], [25], [38]; Ea the god of, [27]; sanctity of, [38], [39]. Eros, Greek love god, [90]. E-sagila (e-säg´i-la), Merodach's temple, [221]; Hammurabi and, [252]; in Kassite Age, [274]; as symbol of world hill, [332]; sacked by Sennacherib, [468]; gods of Ur, Erech, Larsa, and Eridu in, [492], [493]; Xerxes pillages, [497]; Alexander the Great repairs, [497]; decay of, [498]. Esarhaddon (e´sar-had´don), character of, [470]; Babylonian wife of, [471]; Egypto-Syrian league against, [471], [472]; Queen Nakia regent of, [472]; alliance with Urartu, [473]; sack of Sidon, [473]; Manasseh's revolt, [474]; invasion of Egypt, [475]; revolt in Assyria, [476]; successors chosen by, [476]; death of, [476]. Esau, Hittite wives of, [266]. Etana (e-tä´nä), Zu bird myth and, [74]-[76] ; quest of the "Plant of Birth", [164], [165]; flight with eagle to heavens, [165], [166]. Eternal goddess, the, husbands of die annually, [101] et seq. Ethnology, folk beliefs and, [xxvi]. Euphrates, the river, [22]; as "the soul of the land", [23]; rise and fall of, [24]; as the creator, [29]. Europe, lunar worship in, [52]; Armenoid invasion of, [264]. Evans, Sir Arthur, pottery finds by, [263]. Evil eye, the, [235], [236]. "Evil Merodach", King of Babylon, [492]. Evolution, in Babylonian religion, [xxxiv]. Ezekiel, on fire-worshipping ceremony, [50]; Tammuz weeping, [82]; on ethnics of Jerusalem, [246]; on Hittite characteristics, [266]; Assyria the cedar, [340], [341]; the wheel of life symbol, [344] et seq. Ezra, return of Jewish captives with, [496].

F

Face paint, for the dead, [206]; why used for dead, living, and gods, [212]. Fafner dragon, [156]. Fairies, the Babylonian, [67]; origin of, [79], [80]; green like other spirits, [186]; the European, Egyptian, and Indian, [294]; human bargains with, [294], [295]; birds as, [429]. Farm labourers, scarcity of in Babylonia, [256]. Farnell, Dr., on pre-Hellenic religion, [104]; on racial gods in Greece, [105]. Fates, the birds as, [65], [147] n., [427] n., [430]; as servants of Anu, [77]; moon as chief of the, [301]; oldest deities as, [317]; on St. Valentine's Day, [430]; Aphrodite and Ishtar as, [433]. Father, the Great, Anu as, [38]; Ramman-Hadad as, [57]; Apsu, the chaos demon as, [64]; Osiris as, [99]; shadowy spouse of, [100]; nomadic people and, [105]; worshipped by Hatti, [xxx], [268], [420]. Father and son conflict; younger god displaces elder, Ninip and Enlil, Merodach and Ea, Indra and Dyaus myths, [158]; Osiris and Horus, [159]; in astral myths, [302], [303], [304], [305], [348]. Feast of Dead, [206]. Fig tree, in Babylonia, [25]. Finger counting, in Babylonia and India, [311] et seq. Finn-mac-Coul (finn´mac-cool), as hero and god, [87], [87] n., [88] n.; as mother monster slayer, [153], [154]; Beowulf and, [155]; as a "sleeper", [164], [394]; water of life myth, [186], [187]. Finns, language of and the Sumerians, [3]; of Ural-Altaic stock, [4]. Fire, as vital principle, [50], [51]; fire and water ceremonies, [50], [51]; the everlasting fire in the sea, [50], [51]; the Babylonian "Will-o'-the-wisp", [66]; Eagle and, [169]; the May Day, [348]; ceremony of riddance, [349]; Babylonian burnings, [348]; Nimrod's pyre, [349], [350]; Tophet, [350]; royal burnings in Israel and Judah, [350], [351]. Fire drake, the Babylonian, [66], [151]. Fire gods, the Babylonian and Indian, [49]. First born, sacrifice of, [50]. Fish deities, Sumerian Ea and Indian Brahma and Vishnu as, [27], [28]; in Eur-Asian legends, [28]; Sumerian and Egyptian, [29]; connection of with corn, [29], [32]; goddess of Lagash, [117]; Western Asian fish goddesses, [277], [418], [423], [426]; dove symbol of, [431], [432]; Totemism and, [294]. Flies, gods turn to, [41]. Flood legend, the Babylonian, [24], [55], [190] et seq.; the Greek, [195]; the Indian, [xxvi], [196]; the Irish, [196]; the Egyptian, [197]; the American, [197], [198]; the Biblical, [198], [199]. Folk cures, the ancient, [61], [231], [232]-[234] . Folk lore, mythology and, [xxv], [xxxiv], [42], [151] et seq., [189]; ethnology in, [xxvi]. Food of death, [44]. Food of the gods, [44]. Food supply, religion and the, [42], [43]. "Foreign devils", the Babylonian and Indian, [67]. Four quarters, the, in astronomy, [307]; lunar divisions, [323]. Fowl, inspiration from blood of, [48]. France, skull forms in Dordogne valley, [8]; Syrian railways of, [357]. Frazer, Professor, [xxv]; "homogeneity of beliefs", [xxvi]; Adonis garden, [171], [172]; Hercules and Melkarth, [348]; on Semiramis legend, [424], [425]. Frey (fri), the Germanic patriarch and corn god, [33], [93], [94]; links with Tammuz myth, [95], [116], [204]. Freyja (frī´ya), the Germanic eternal goddess, [102]; lovers of, [102]. Frigg, Germanic goddess, lovers of, [103]. Frode (frō´dē). See Frey.

G

Gabriel, Abraham rescued from Nimrod's pyre by, [349], [350]. Gaga (gä´ga), messenger of Anshar, [143]. Gallu (gäl´lü), as "foreign devil", [65]-[67] . Gandash (gän´dash), Kassite king, [271]. Ganga (găng´ä), the Indian goddess, as king's lover, [68]. "Garden of Adonis", [171], [172]. Gardens, the Hanging, of Babylon, [220]. Garstang, Professor, on fall of Hatti and god cult, [268]; on Totemic Adonis boar, [293], [294]; Hittite Sandan disk, [348]. Garuda (găr-ood´ă), Indian eagle god, Zu bird and, [xxvi]; myth of, [74], [75]; Etana eagle and, [165]; sons of, [166]; identified with Agni, Brahma, Indra, Yama, &c, [168], [169]; wheel of life and, [346], [347]. Gauls, Hittite raiders like the, [261]; gods of and the Babylonian, [316], [317]. Germ theory, anticipatedby Babylonians, [61], [234]. Germany, double-headed eagle of, [168]; the Baghdad railway, [357]. Gezer cave dwellings, [10]; cremation practised in, [11]. Ghosts, "wind gusts" as, [48], [49]; associated with demons, [60], [215], [216]; as birds, [65]; as death bringers, [69], [295]; the terrible mothers, [69]; where dreaded and where invoked, [69], [70]; Babylonian "night prowlers", [70]; food required by, [70], [212], [213]; Ishtar's threat to raise, [215]; King of Cuthah and, [215], [216]; as "Fates" and enemies of the living, [295]; worship of, [295]; Orion and Jupiter as, [305]. Giants, the British Alban, [42]; the Babylonian, [71]; graves of, [296]. Gibil (gi´bil), fire god, Nusku and, [353]. Gilgamesh (gil´gä-mesh), the Babylonian Hercules, [41]; revelation of ghost to, [48], [49], [183], [184]; quest of, [164]; birth legend of, [171]; eagle rescues, [171]; lord of Erech, [172]; coming of Ea-bani, [173]; Ishtar's fatal love of, [174]; "La Belle Dame Sans Merci", [174], [175]; Ishtar spurned by, [99], [176]; Ishtar's bull slain, [176]; death of Ea-bani, [176]; quest of Water of Life and Plant of Life, [177]; the mountain tunnel and Sea of Death, [178]; song of the Sea Lady, [178], [179]; reaches Pir-napishtim's island, [180]; ancestor's revelation to and magic food, [182]; plant of life, [183]; Earth Lion robs, [183]; Germanic gods and heroes and, [184], [185]; flood legend revealed to, [190] et seq.; Tammuz and, [210]; Ashur and, [336]; Persian eagle and, [493]. Gillies, Dr. Cameron, on Scottish folk cures, [232], [233]. Gira (gi´ra), the god, [42]. Girru (gir´rü), the fire god, [49]. Gish Bär, the fire god, [49]. Goat, inspiration from blood of, [48]; demons enter the, [71]; on Lagash vase, [120]; the six-headed, [332]; the satyr or astral goat man, [333]; the white kid of Tammuz, [85], [333]; the Arabic "kid" star, [333]; associated with Anshar, Agni, Varuna, Ea, and Thor, [329], [333], [334]; forehead symbol of like Apis symbol, [334]; Minerva's shield has skin of, [337]. Goblin, the Babylonian, [66]. God, the Dead, grave of Osiris, [296]; also alive and in various forms, [297]. God cult, fusion of with goddess cult, [105]. Goddesses, at once mothers, wives, and daughters of gods, [99], [101], [436]; husbands of die annually, [101] et seq.; lovers of various, [102]; of Mediterranean racial tribes, [105]; Ishtar as "La Belle Dame Sans Merci", [174]-[176]; the Semiramis legend, [417] et seq. Gods, Babylonian and Egyptian groups, [36], [37]; the younger and elder, [149]; why Sumerian were bearded, [135]-[137] . Goodspeed, Professor, on early astronomy, [321], [322]. Gorgons, the, Tiamat and, [159]. Graves, charms and weapons in, [206]; as houses of dead, [206], [208]; of gods and giants, [296]. Great Mother, the, forms of, [36]; Hittite and Sumerian forms, [267]; Anaitis, Ate, Cybele, Ishtar, Isis, Astarte, Ashtoreth, and Atargatis, [267]; Kadesh, Anthat, and Danu, [268]. Greece, spitting customs in, [46], [47]; blood drinking in, [48]; wanton goddesses of, [104]; imported gods in, [105]; dragon myths of, [151], [152]; eagle connected with birth and death in, [168]; flood legend of, [195], [196]; "Island of Blessed", [203]; star myths of, [300]; Babylonian culture reached through Hittites, [306]; doctrine of world's ages, [310] et seq.; pre-Hellenic beliefs in, [84], [104], [317]; astrology in, [318] et seq.; astronomy in, [316], [319] et seq.; in pre-Phrygian period, [386]; fusion of races in, [393]. Greeks of Cilicia, Ashur-bani-pal and, [484]. See Ionians. Green, a supernatural colour, [186]. "Grey Eyebrows", a Gaelic hag, [87]; myth of, [101]. Gudea (gü´de-a), King of Lagash, sculptures, buildings, and trade of, [xxiii], [129], [130]; bearded gods of, [136]. Gula (goo´lä), mother goddess, [100]; Bau and, [116]; feast of, [476]. Gungunu (gün´gün-ü), King of Ur, [132]. Guns, called after giants "Long Meg" nd "Long Tom", [156]. Gutium (gü´tium), northern mountaineers, [128], [129], [264]; demons and, [307]. Gyges (gȳ´jes), King of Lydia, emissaries of visit Nineveh, [483], [486].