Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany / For High Schools and Elementary College Courses

by Douglas Houghton Campbell

[15] The division is repeated in the same way in each cell so that ultimately four pollen spores are formed from each of the original mother cells.

[16] For gradual dehydrating, the specimens may be placed successively in 30 per cent, 50 per cent, 70 per cent, 90 per cent, and absolute alcohol.

---

INDEX.

[A]

[B]

[C]

[D]

[E]

[F]

[G]

[H]

[I]

[J]

[K]

[L]

[M]

[N]

[O]

[P]

[Q]

[R]

[S]

[T]

[U]

[V]

[W]

[X]

[Y]

[Z]

• Acacia, [209].
• Acer, -aceæ. See “[Maple].”
• Acetic acid, [3], [59], [98], [138], [230].
• Achimenes, [218].
• Acorus. See “[Sweet-flag].”
• Actinomorphic, [213].
• Adder-tongue, [116]; [Fig. 70]. See also “[Erythronium].”
• Adiantum. See “[Maiden-hair].”
• Adlumia. See “[Mountain-fringe].”
• Æsculinæ, [199].
• Æsculus. See “[Buckeye],” “[Horse-chestnut].”
• Aggregatæ, [222].
• Alcohol, [5], [31], [55], [83], [230], [233].
• Algæ, [4], [21].
  • green, [21].
  • red, [21], [49].
  • brown, [21], [41].
• Alga-fungi. See “[Phycomycetes].”
• Alisma, -ceæ. See “[Water-plantain].”
• Allium. See “[Wild onion].”
• Amaranth, [185].
• Amarantus, -aceæ. See “[Amaranth].”
• Amœba, [7]; [Fig. 2].
• Ampelidæ. See “[Vine].”
• Ampelopsis. See “[Virginia creeper].”
• Anatomy, [3].
  • gross, Implements for study of, [3].
  • minute, Implements for study of, [3], [4].
• Anatropous, [151].
• Andreæaceæ, [99], [100].
• Andrœcium, [148].
• Andromeda, [211].
• Anemone, [185].
• Angiocarpæ, [84].
• Angiosperm, [129], [143], [145].
• Aniline colors, [233].
• Anisocarpæ, [210], [213].
• Anonaceæ. See “[Custard-apple].”
• Anther, [148], [175], [179].
• Antheridium, [27], [36], [39], [45], [51], [59], [68], [89], [96], [106], [122].
• Anthoceros, Anthoceroteæ, [91]; [Fig. 57].
• Aphanocyclæ, [185], [196].
• Aplectrum, [167]; [Fig. 90].
• Apocynum, -aceæ. See “[Dog-bane].”
• Apostasieæ, [164].
• Apple, [145], [171], [206]; [Fig. 114].
• Apricot, [207].
• Aquilegia. See “[Columbine].”
• Aralia, -aceæ. See “[Spikenard].”
• Archegonium, [89], [97], [105], [122], [133], [140], [144].
• Archicarp, [138], [145].
• Arcyria, [13]; [Fig. 5].
• Arethusa, Arethuseæ, [166]; [Fig. 90].
• Argemone, [191].
• Aril, [189].
• Arisæma, [78], [157]; [Fig. 86].
• Aristolochia, -aceæ, [224].
• Aroid, Aroideæ, [157].
• Arrow-grass, [167].
• Arrowhead, [167]; [Fig. 91].
• Arrowroot, [163].
• Asarum. See “[Wild ginger].”
• Asclepias, -daceæ. See “[Milk-weed].”
• Ascobolus, [71]–[73]; [Fig. 43].
  • culture of, [71].
  • spore fruit, [71].
  • archicarp, [71].
  • spore sacs, [72].
• Ascomycetes, [65], [66].
• Ascospore, [66].
• Ascus, [66], [69].
• Ash, [218]; [Fig. 122].
• Asimina. See “[Papaw].”
• Aspidium, [Fig. 70].
• Asplenium, [104]; [Fig. 70].
• Aster, [224].
• Atropa. See “[Deadly nightshade].”
• Axil, [174].
• Azalea, [210]; [Fig. 116].
• Azolla, [117]; [Fig. 71].

• Bacteria, [15], [17], [19]; [Fig. 8].
• Balsam, Balsamineæ, [198].
• Bamboo, [162].
• Bambusa. See “[Bamboo].”
• Banana, [163].
• Barberry, [17], [187]; [Fig. 101].
• Bark. See “[Cortex].”
• Basidiomycetes, [77].
• Basidium, [77], [80], [83].
• Basswood, [195]; [Fig. 106].
• Bast. See “[Phloem].”
• Batatas. See “[Sweet-potato].”
• Batrachospermum, [53]; [Fig. 31].
• Bean, [207], [208].
• Bear-grass. See “[Yucca].”
• Bee, [227], [228].
• Beech, [183].
• Beech-drops, [218].
• Beet, [184].
• Beggar’s-ticks, [215].
• Begonia, [3], [205].
• Bell-flower, [220], [226]; [Fig. 123].
• Bellwort, [156].
• Berberis, -ideæ. See “[Barberry].”
• Bergamot oil, [234].
• Berry, [145], [156].
• Betulaceæ, [183].
• Bicornes, [210].
• Bignonia, -aceæ, [218].
• Biology, [2].
• Birch, [183].
• Bird’s-nest fungus. See “[Cyathus].”
• Bishop’s cap, [202]; [Fig. 111].
• Bismarck brown, [233].
• Bitter-sweet, [199]; [Fig. 109].
• Black alder, [199].
• Blackberry, [207].
• Black fungi. See “[Pyrenomycetes].”
• Bladder-nut, [199]; [Fig. 108].
• Bladder-weed, [33], [217]; [Fig. 120].
• Bleeding-heart. See “[Dicentra].”
• Blood-root, [191]; [Fig. 103].
• Blue-eyed grass, [156].
• Blue-flag. See “[Iris].”
• Blue-green slime, [15].
• Blue valerian. See “[Polemonium].”
• Borage, [215].
• Borragineæ. See “[Borage].”
• Bordered pits, [138].
• Botany defined, [2].
  • systematic, [3].
• Botrychium. See “[Grape fern].”
• Box, [201].
• Bract, [199], [222], [229].
• Brasenia. See “[Water-shield].”
• Breathing pore, [91], [99], [113], [130], [147], [150], [177].
• Bromeliaceæ, [156].
• Bryophyte, [86].
• Buck-bean, [218].
• Buckeye, [171], [199].
• Buckthorn, [199].
• Buckwheat, [184].
• Budding, [64].
• Bulbochæte, [28]; [Fig. 16].
• Bulb, [146], [153], [172].
• Bulrush, [161]; [Fig. 87].
• Bundle-sheath, [110], [176].
• Burning-bush. See “[Spindle-tree].”
• Bur-reed, [159]; [Fig. 86].
• Buttercup, [181], [185]; [Fig. 99].
• Butterfly, [227], [228].
• Button-bush, [223].
• Buttonwood. See “[Sycamore].”
• Buxus, Buxaceæ. See “[Box].”

• Cabbage, [192].
• Cabombeæ, [190].
• Cactus, Cactaceæ, [203]; [Fig. 112].
• Cæsalpineæ, [210].
• Calcium, [2].
• Calla, [157], [229].
• Callithamnion, [50]–[52]; [Fig. 29].
  • general structure, [51].
  • tetraspores, [51].
  • procarp, [51].
  • antheridium, [51].
  • spores, [52].
• Callitriche, -chaceæ. See “[Water starwort].”
• Calluna. See “[Heath].”
• Calopogon, [166]; [Fig. 91].
• Calycanthus, -aceæ, [187]; [Fig. 100].
• Calycereæ, [223].
• Calycifloræ, [200].
• Calyx, [174], [182].
• Cambium, [137]–[138], [175].
• Campanula. See “[Bell-flower].”
• Campanulaceæ, [220].
• Campanulinæ, [220].
• Canada balsam, [230]–[234].
• Canada thistle, [224]; [Fig. 125].
• Canna, -aceæ, [162], [163]; [Fig. 88].
• Caper family, [194].
• Capparis, -ideæ. See “[Caper].”
• Caprifoliaceæ, [223].
• Capsella. See “[Shepherd’s-purse].”
• Caraway, [202].
• Carbon, [2], [95].
• Carbon-dioxides, [95].
• Cardinal-flower. See “[Lobelia].”
• Carex, [161]; [Fig. 87].
• Carmine, [25], [233].
• Carnation, [185].
• Carpel, [148], [154], [175], [179].
• Carpophyll. See “[Carpel].”
• Carpospore, [51]–[53].
• Carrot, [202].
• Caryophylleæ. See “[Pink].”
• Caryophyllus. See “[Clove].”
• Castalia, [189].
• Castor-bean, [200].
• Catalpa, [218].
• Cat-brier, [154].
• Catkin, [181].
• Catnip, [215].
• Cat-tail, [159].
• Cedar apple, Cedar rust. See “[Gymnosporangium].”
• Celastraceæ, [199].
• Celastrus. See “[Bitter-sweet].”
• Celery, [3].
• Cell, [6].
  • apical, [38], [96], [105], [115].
  • division, [23], [31], [229].
  • row, [8]; [Fig. 3].
  • mass, [8]; [Fig. 4].
  • sap, [6], [151].
• Cellulose, [3].
• Centaury, [219].
• Centrospermæ, [183].
• Cephalanthus. See “[Button-bush].”
• Cerastium. See “[Chick-weed].”
• Ceratophyllum. See “[Horned pond-weed].”
• Cercis. See “[Red-bud].”
• Chamærops. See “[Palmetto].”
• Chara, [38]–[40]; [Fig. 23].
  • general structure, [38].
  • method of growth, [39].
  • cortex, [39].
  • non-sexual reproduction, [39].
  • oögonium, [39].
  • antheridium, [39], [40].
  • spermatozoids, [40].
  • germination, [40].
• Characeæ, [21], [37], [40].
• Chareæ, [40].
• Cheiranthus. See “[Wall-flower].”
• Chenopodium, -aceæ. See “[Goose-foot].”
• Cherry, [15], [206]; [Fig. 114].
• Chicory, [223].
• Chick-weed, [185]; [Fig. 98].
• Chimaphila. See “[Prince’s pine].”
• Chionanthus. See “[Fringe-tree].”
• Chlorine, [2].
• Chlorococcum, [23]; [Fig. 12].
• Chloroform, [234].
• Chloroplast, [22], [45].
• Chlorophyll, [15].
• Chlorophyll body. See “[Chloroplast].”
• Chlorophyceæ, [21].
• Chondrus. See “[Irish moss].”
• Choripetalæ, [181], [208].
• Chromic acid, [25]–[35], [233].
• Chromoplast, [150].
• Cicinnobulus, [69]; [Fig. 39].
• Cilium, [8].
• Cinquefoil, [206].
• Cistaceæ. See “[Rock-rose].”
• Cistifloræ, [192].
• Citron, [196].
• Citrus. See “[Orange],” “[Lemon].”
• Cladophora, [24], [25].
  • structure of cells, [25].
  • nuclei, [25].
  • cell division, [25].
  • zoöspores, [25].
• Classification, [3]–[9].
• Clavaria, [85]; [Fig. 51].
• Claytonia. See “[Spring-beauty].”
• Clematis, [185].
• Climbing plants, [171].
• Closterium, [33]; [Fig. 20].
• Clove, [205].
• Clove oil, [234].
• Clover, [207].
• Club moss, [116].
  • larger, [116].
  • smaller, [123]–[126]; [Fig. 74].
    • gross anatomy, [125].
    • spores, [126].
    • prothallium, [126].
    • systematic position, [126].
• Cluster-cup, [78].
• Cocos. See “[Palm-coco],” [159].
• Coleochæte, [28]; [Fig. 17].
• Collateral fibro-vascular bundle, [135].
• Collema, [76]; [Fig. 44].
• Columella, [55].
• Columbine, [186]; [Fig. 99].
• Column, [165].
• Columniferæ, [195].
• Commelyneæ, [157].
• Compositæ, [223], [224].
• Compound flower, [224].
  • leaf, [159], [170].
• Conceptacle, [45].
• Cone, [131].
• Conferva, [26].
• Confervaceæ, [21], [24].
• Conidium, [68].
• Conifer, [129], [140], [141].
• Coniferæ. See “[Conifer].”
• Conjugatæ, [22]–[29].
• Connective, [148].
• Conocephalus. See “[Liverwort, giant].”
• Contortæ, [218].
• Convolvulaceæ, [213].
• Convolvulus. See “[Morning-glory].”
• Coprinus, [82]–[84]; [Fig. 48].
  • general structure, [82], [83].
  • young spore fruit, [83].
  • gills basidia, [83].
  • spores, [84].
• Coral root, [167].
• Corallorhiza. See “[Coral root].”
• Coriander, [202].
• Corn, [160], [161].
• Cornus, -aceæ. See “[Dogwood].”
• Corolla, [174], [182].
• Cortex, [39], [130].
• Corydalis, [192].
• Cotton, [195].
• Cotyledon, [134], [146], [180].
• Cowslip, [211].
• Coxcomb, [185].
• Crab-apple, [77], [80].
• Cranberry, [211].
• Crassulaceæ, [203].
• Crane’s-bill, [3], [196]; [Fig. 107].
• Cress, [192].
• Croton, [200].
• Cruciferæ. See “[Mustard family].”
• Crucifloræ. See “[Rhœadinæ].”
• Cucumber, [221].
• Cucumber-tree. See “[Magnolia].”
• Cucurbitaceæ. See “[Gourd].”
• Cup fungi (“Discomycetes”), [71].
• Cupuliferæ, [183].
• Curl, [66].
• Currant, [203].
• Cuscuta. See “[Dodder].”
• Custard-apple, [186].
• Cyanophyceæ. See “[Blue-green slime].”
• Cyathus, [84]; [Fig. 50].
• Cycad, -eæ, [140].
• Cycas revoluta, [141]; [Fig. 71].
• Cyclamen, [212].
• Cynoglossum. See “[Hound’s-tongue].”
• Cyperaceæ. See “[Sedge].”
• Cyperus, [161].
• Cypress, [142].
• Cypripedium. See “[Lady’s-slipper].”
• Cystopus. See also “[White rust].”
  • bliti, [57]; [Fig. 33].
  • general structure, [57].
  • structure of filaments, [57].
  • non-sexual spores (conidia), [57].
  • germination of conidia, [58].
  • resting spores, [59].
  • oögonium, [59].
  • antheridium, [59].
  • candidus, [60]; [Fig. 34].

• Daisy, [223].
• Dandelion, [66], [223]; [Fig. 125].
• Darlingtonia, [195].
• Datura. See “[Stramonium].”
• Day lily, [155].
• Deadly nightshade, [215].
• Dead nettle, [215]; [Fig. 120].
• Delphinium. See “[Larkspur].”
• Dermatogen, [176].
• Desmid, [33], [34]; [Fig. 20].
• Devil’s apron. See “[Laminaria].”
• Dianthus. See “[Pink].”
• Diatomaceæ, [41], [42]; Figs. [24], [25].
  • structure, [42].
  • movements, [42].
  • reproduction, [42].
• Dicentra, [192]; [Fig. 103].
• Dicotyledon, [145], [170], [181], [225].
• Digitalis. See “[Foxglove].”
• Diœcious, [88].
• Dionæa. See “[Venus’s fly-trap].”
• Dioscoreæ. See “[Yam].”
• Dioscorea villosa, [154].
• Diospyros. See “[Persimmon].”
• Diospyrinæ, [210].
• Dipsacus, -aceæ. See “[Teasel].”
• Dirca. See “[Moosewood].”
• Ditch-moss, [167]; [Fig. 91].
• Dodder, [214].
• Dodecatheon. See “[Shooting-star].”
• Dog-bane, [219]; [Fig. 122].
• Dogwood, [202], [229]; [Fig. 110].
• Draparnaldia, [26]; [Fig. 14].
• Drosera -aceæ. See “[Sun-dew].”
• Drupe. See “[Stone-fruit].”
• Duck-weed, [159]; [Fig. 86].
• Dutchman’s pipe. See “[Aristolochia].”

• Earth star. See “[Geaster].”
• Ebenaceæ (ebony), [212].
• Echinospermum. See “[Beggar’s-ticks].”
• Ectocarpus, [45], [47]; [Fig. 28].
• Eel-grass, [168], [169]; [Fig. 91].
• Egg apparatus, [144].
• Egg cell, [27], [36], [39], [45], [90], [106], [133], [144].
• Egg-plant, [215].
• Eichler, [153].
• Elater, [91], [122].
• Elder, [224].
• Elæagnaceæ, [206].
• Elm, [183].
• Elodea. See “[Ditch-moss].”
• Embryo, [90], [97], [107], [133], [149], [180].
• Embryology, [3].
• Embryo sac, [143], [144], [151].
• Enantioblastæ, [153], [156]; [Fig. 85].
• Endosperm, [133], [146], [152].
• Entire leaves, [170].
• Entomophthoreæ, [57].
• Epacrideæ, [210].
• Epidermis, [91], [111], [112], [113], [122], [135], [137], [150], [177].
• Epigæa. See “[Trailing arbutus].”
• Epilobium. See “[Willow-herb].”
• Epiphegus. See “[Beech-drops].”
• Epiphyte, [166].
• Equisetum, -tinæ. See “[Horse-tail].”
• Ergot, [76].
• Erica, -aceæ. See “[Heath].”
• Erysiphe, [70].
• Erythræa. See “[Centaury].”
• Erythronium, [146]–[152]; [Fig. 81].
  • leaf, [146].
  • stem, [146].
  • root, [146].
  • gross anatomy of stem, [147].
  • flower, [148].
  • fruit and seed, [150].
  • histology of stem, [150].
  • of leaf, [150].
  • of flower, [151].
  • of ovule and seed, [151], [152].
• Eschscholtzia, [191].
• Eucalyptus, [206].
• Eucyclæ, [196], [200].
• Eudorina, [20].
• Euglena, [11], [19]; [Fig. 9].
• Euonymus. See “[Spindle-tree].”
• Euphorbia, [199]; [Fig. 109].
• Eurotium, [70]; [Fig. 42].
• Evening primrose, [206].
• Exoascus, [66].