Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany / For High Schools and Elementary College Courses

by Douglas Houghton Campbell

• Fagopyrum. See “[Buckwheat].”
• Feather-veined. See “[Pinnate-veined].”
• Fern, [5], [102], [104], [116].
  • flowering, [118]; [Fig. 70].
  • lady, [104]; [Fig. 70].
  • maiden-hair. See “[Maiden-hair fern].”
  • ostrich. See “[Ostrich-fern].”
  • sensitive, [104].
  • true, [117].
  • water. See “[Water-fern].”
• Fertilization, [225].
• Fibre, [124], [175], [177].
• Fibro-vascular bundle, [107], [110], [121], [123], [135], [136], [147], [150], [159], [174].
• Fig, [183].
• Figwort, [215], [216]; [Fig. 120].
• Filament (of stamen), [148], [17].
• Filices. See “[True ferns].”
• Filicineæ. See “[Fern].”
• Fir, [142].
• Fission, [23].
• Flagellata, [19].
• Flagellum, [19].
• Flax, [197]; [Fig. 107].
• Flies, [229].
• Flower, [128], [131].
• Flowering-plant. See “[Spermaphyte].”
• Forget-me-not, [215].
• Four-o’clock, [183].
• Foxglove, [217].
• Frangulinæ, [199].
• Fraxinus. See “[Ash].”
• Fringe-tree, [218]; [Fig. 122].
• Fruit, [145].
• Fucaceæ, [43].
• Fuchsia, [201].
• Fucus, [42]–[46].
  • vesiculosus, [43]; Figs. [26], [27].
  • general structure, [43], [44].
  • conceptacles, [44].
  • collecting plants, [44].
  • cells, [44].
  • chloroplasts, [44].
  • oögonium, [45].
  • platycarpus, [45].
  • antheridium, [45], [46].
  • fertilization, [46].
  • germination, [46].
• Fumariaceæ. See “[Fumitory].”
• Fumitory, [192].
• Funaria, [93]–[99]; Figs. [58]–[62].
  • gross anatomy, [93], [94].
  • protonema, [93].
  • “flower,” [94].
  • structure of leaf, [94].
  • chloroplasts, division of, [95].
  • formation of starch in chloroplasts, [95].
  • structure of stem, [96].
  • root hairs, [96].
  • buds, [96].
  • antheridium spermatozoids, [96], [97].
  • archegonium, [97].
  • embryo, [98].
  • capsule and spores, [98], [99].
  • germination of spores, [99].
• Fungi, culture of, [5], [54].
  • true. See “[Mycomycetes].”
  • alga. See “[Phycomycetes].”
• Funiculus, [151], [175].
• Funkia. See “[Day lily].”

• Galium, [223]; [Fig. 124].
• Gamopetalæ. See “[Sympetalæ].”
• Gaultheria. See “[Wintergreen].”
• Gaylussacia. See “[Huckleberry].”
• Geaster, [84]; [Fig. 49].
• Gentian, [218]; [Fig. 122].
• Gentian violet, [4], [138], [231].
• Gentiana, -aceæ. See “[Gentian].”
• Geranium, -aceæ, [3], [171], [196]; [Fig. 107].
• Gerardia, [217].
• Germ cell. See “[Egg cell].”
• Gesneraceæ, [218].
• Ghost flower. See “[Indian-pipe].”
• Gill, [83].
• Ginger, [163].
• Gingko, [142]; [Fig. 78].
• Gleditschia. See “[Honey locust].”
• Gloxinia, [218].
• Glumaceæ, [153], [160]; [Fig. 87].
• Glume, [162].
• Glycerine, [4], [51], [55], [59], [67], [83], [98], [224], [231], [233].
• Gnetaceæ. See “[Joint fir].”
• Golden-rod, [224].
• Gonium, [20].
• Gooseberry, [203]; [Fig. 111].
• Goose-foot, [184]; [Fig. 98].
• Gossypium. See “[Cotton].”
• Gourd, [221].
• Gramineæ. See “[Grass].”
• Grape, [171], [199]; [Fig. 109].
• Grape fern, [116]; [Fig. 70].
• Graphis, [75]; [Fig. 45].
• Grass, [161], [225]; [Fig. 87].
• Gray moss. See “[Tillandsia].”
• Green-brier, [154].
• Green-felt. See “[Vaucheria].”
• Green monad, [12], [19].
• Green slime, [21], [22]; [Fig. 11].
• Ground pine, [123]; [Fig. 73].
• Ground tissue, [110], [111], [113], [124], [137], [177], [178].
• Gruinales, [196].
• Guard cell, [113], [135], [150].
• Gulf weed. See “[Sargassum].”
• Gum. See “[Eucalyptus].”
• Gymnocarpæ, [84].
• Gymnosperm, [129], [141].
• Gymnosporangium, [79]–[81]; [Fig. 47].
  • cedar apples, [79].
  • spores, [80].
• Gynandræ, [153], [164].
• Gynœcium, [148], [167].
• Gynostemium. See “[Column].”

• Habenaria, [166], [227]; [Fig. 90].
• Hæmatoxylin, [233].
• Hair, [8], [177].
• Haloragidaceæ, [206].
• Hazel, [182], [183], [225]; [Fig. 97].
• Head, [181].
• Heath, [211].
• Helobiæ, [153], [167].
• Hemerocallis. See “[Day lily].”
• Hemi-angiocarpæ, [84].
• Hemlock, [142]; [Fig. 78].
• Hemp, [183].
• Hepaticæ. See “[Liverwort].”
• Hermaphrodite, [199].
• Heterocyst, [17].
• Heterostylism, [228].
• Hibiscus, [195].
• Hickory, [170], [183].
• Holly, [199].
• Hollyhock, [195].
• Honey locust, [209].
• Honeysuckle, [170], [172], [181], [223]; [Fig. 124].
• Hop, [171], [181]; [Fig. 97].
• Horned pond-weed, [224].
• Horse-chestnut, [170], [199].
• Horse-tail, [116]–[120].
  • field, [120]–[122]; [Fig. 72].
  • stems and tubers, [120].
  • fertile branches, [120].
  • leaves, [121].
  • cone, [121].
  • stem, [121].
  • sporangia and spores, [121].
  • sterile branches, [121].
  • histology of stem, [121].
    • of sporangia, [122].
  • spores, [122].
  • germination, prothallium, [122].
• Hound’s-tongue, [215]; [Fig. 119].
• Houstonia, [223]; [Fig. 124].
• Hoya. See “[Wax-plant].”
• Huckleberry, [181], [211]; [Fig. 116].
• Humming-bird, [226].
• Hyacinth, [146].
• Hydnum, [84]; [Fig. 51].
• Hydrangea, -geæ, [202]; [Fig. 111].
• Hydrocharideæ, [167].
• Hydrogen, [2], [95].
• Hydropeltidinæ, [189].
• Hydrophyllum, -aceæ. See “[Water-leaf].”
• Hypericum, -aceæ. See “[St. John’s-wort].”

• Ilex. See “[Holly].”
• Impatiens. See “[Jewel-weed],” “[Balsam].”
• India-rubber, [200].
• Indian-pipe, [144], [210]; [Fig. 79].
• Indian turnip. See “[Arisæma].”
• Indusium, [118].
• Inflorescence, [157].
• Integument, [133], [144], [151], [180].
• Intercellular space, [124], [135], [150].
• Internode, [39].
• Iodine, [4], [22], [31].
• Ipomœa, [213].
• Iridaceæ, [156].
• Iris, [154], [156]; [Fig. 84].
• Irish moss, [49].
• Isocarpæ, [210], [212].
• Isoetes. See “[Quill-wort].”
• Iulifloræ, [181].
• Ivy, [202].

• Jack-in-the-pulpit. See “[Arisæma].”
• Jasmine, [218].
• Jeffersonia. See “[Twin-leaf].”
• Jewel-weed, [197]; [Fig. 107].
• Joint fir, [140], [142].
• Juncagineæ, [167].
• Juncus. See “[Rush].”
• Jungermanniaceæ, [92]; [Fig. 57].

• Kalmia. See “[Mountain laurel].”
• Karyokinesis, [233].
• Keel, [208].
• Kelp. See “[Laminaria].”
  • giant. See “[Macrocystis].”
• Knotgrass. See “[Polygonum].”

• Labellum. See “[Lip].”
• Labiatæ. See “[Mint].”
• Labiatifloræ, [215].
• Lady’s-slipper, [164], [166], [198]; [Fig. 90].
• Lamella, [83].
• Laminaria, [45], [47]; [Fig. 28].
• Lamium. See “[Dead nettle].”
• Larch. See “[Tamarack].”
• Larix. See “[Tamarack].”
• Larkspur, [186], [227]; [Fig. 99].
• Latex, [191].
• Laurel, [188].
• Laurineæ. See “[Laurel].”
• Lavender, [215].
• Leaf-green. See “[Chlorophyll].”
• Leaf tendril, [171].
• Leaf thorn, [172].
• Leguminosæ, [207].
• Lemanea, [53]; [Fig. 31].
• Lemna. See “[Duck-weed].”
• Lemon, [198].
• Lentibulariaceæ, [217].
• Lettuce, [223].
• Lichenes, [73]; Figs. [44], [45].
• Ligula, [127].
• Ligulatæ, [125].
• Lilac, [170], [181], [218].
• Liliaceæ, [155].
• Liliifloræ, [153], [155]; [Fig. 83].
• Lilium. See “[Lily].”
• Lily, [146], [155].
• Lily-of-the-valley, [155].
• Lime. See “[Linden].”
• Linden, [195]; [Fig. 106].
• Linear, [159].
• Linum, -aceæ. See “[Flax].”
• Lip, [165].
• Liriodendron. See “[Tulip-tree].”
• Lithospermum. See “[Puccoon].”
• Liverwort, [86].
  • classification of, [91].
  • horned. See “[Anthoceroteæ].”
  • giant, [91]; [Fig. 57].
• Lizard-tail, [181], [183]; [Fig. 97].
• Lobelia, -aceæ. 221; [Fig. 123].
• Loganieæ, [219].
• Lonicera. See “[Honeysuckle].”
• Loosestrife. See “[Lythrum].”
  • swamp. See “[Nesæa].”
• Lotus. See “[Nelumbo].”
• Lychnis, [185].
• Lycoperdon, [84]; [Fig. 49].
• Lycopersicum. See “[Tomato].”
• Lycopodiaceæ. See “[Ground pine].”
• Lycopodinæ. See “[Club moss].”
• Lycopodium, [123].
  • dendroideum, [123], [124]; [Fig. 73].
  • stem and leaves, [123].
  • cones and sporangia, [123].
  • gross anatomy, [123].
  • histology, [124].
  • spores, [124].
• Lysimachia. See “[Moneywort].”
• Lythrum, -aceæ, [206], [228].
• Mace, [189].

• Macrocystis, [48].
• Macrospore, [126], [127], [128], [143].
• Madotheca, [86]–[90]; Figs. [52]–[56].
  • gross anatomy, [86]–[88].
  • male and female plants, [87], [88].
  • histology of leaf and stem, [88].
  • antheridium, [88], [89].
  • archegonium, [89], [90].
  • embryo, [90].
  • spores and elaters, [90].
• Magnesium, [2].
• Magnolia, -aceæ, [186].
• Maiden-hair fern, [109]–[115]; Figs. [67]–[69].
  • general structure, [109].
  • gross anatomy of stem, [110].
  • histology of stem, [110], [111].
  • gross anatomy of leaf, [111].
  • histology of leaf, [111], [112].
  • sporangia, [113], [114].
  • root, [114], [115].
  • apical growth of root, [115].
• Mallow, [171], [195]; [Fig. 106].
• Malva, -aceæ. See “[Mallow].”
• Mamillaria, [Fig. 112].
• Mandrake. See “[May-apple].”
• Maple, [199]; [Fig. 108].
• Maranta. See “[Arrowroot].”
• Marattiaceæ. See “[Ringless ferns].”
• Marchantia, [91]; [Fig. 57].
  • breathing-pores, [91].
  • sexual organs, [91].
  • buds, [91].
• Marchantiaceæ, [91].
• Marsilia, [118]; [Fig. 71].
• Martynia, [218].
• Matthiola. See “[Stock].”
• May-apple, [187]; [Fig. 101].
• May-weed, [223]; [Fig. 125].
• Medeola, [155]; [Fig. 83].
• Medullary ray, [130], [137].
• Melampsora, [81].
• Melastomaceæ, [206].
• Melon, [221].
• Menispermum, -eæ. See “[Moon-seed].”
• Menyanthes. See “[Buck-bean].”
• Mesocarpus, [33]; [Fig. 19].
• Mesophyll, [135].
• Methyl-violet, [4], [233].
• Micropyle, [180].
• Microsome, [231].
• Microspore, [126], [128], [131], [138].
• Mignonette, [192]; [Fig. 104].
• Mildew. See “[Peronospora],” “[Phytophthora],” “[Perisporiaceæ].”
• Milk-weed, [220]; [Fig. 122].
• Milkwort, [199].
• Mimosa. See “[Sensitive-plant].”
• Mimosaceæ, [209], [210].
• Mimulus, [217].
• Mint, [181], [215].
• Mirabilis. See “[Four-o’clock].”
• Mistletoe, [224].
• Mitella. See “[Bishop’s cap].”
• Mitchella. See “[Partridge-berry].”
• Mitre-wort. See “[Bishop’s cap].”
• Mock-orange. See “[Syringa].”
• Moneywort, [212]; [Fig. 117].
• Monocotyledon, [146], [153], [225], [229].
• Monotropa. See “[Indian-pipe],” “[Pine-sap].”
• Monotropeæ, [210].
• Moon-seed, [188]; [Fig. 101].
• Moosewood, [206]; [Fig. 113].
• Morchella. See “[Morel].”
• Morel, [73].
• Morning-glory, [171], [213]; [Fig. 118].
• Morphology, [3].
• Moss, [5], [86].
  • true, [93].
  • common. See “[Bryaceæ].”
  • peat. See “[Sphagnaceæ].”
• Moth, [229].
• Mould, black. See “[Mucorini].”
  • blue. See “[Penicillium].”
  • herbarium. See “[Eurotium].”
  • insect. See “[Entomophthoreæ].”
  • water. See “[Saprolegnia].”
• Mountain-fringe, [192].
• Mountain-laurel, [210]; [Fig. 116].
• Mucor, [55].
  • mucedo, [56]; [Fig. 32].
• Mucor stolonifer, [55]–[56].
  • general structure, [55].
  • structure of filaments, [55].
  • spore cases, [55].
  • sexual spores, [56].
• Mucorini, [54].
• Mulberry, [183].
• Mullein, [217]; [Fig. 120].
• Musa, -aceæ. See “[Banana].”
• Musci. See “[True mosses].”
• Mushroom, [82].
• Mustard, [192].
• Mycomycetes. See “[True fungi].”
• Myosotis. See “[Forget-me-not].”
• Myristica, -ineæ. See “[Nutmeg].”
• Myrtifloræ, [205].
• Myrtle, [205], [206].
• Myrtus. See “[Myrtle].”
• Myxomycetes. See “[Slime-mould].”

• Naias. See “[Pond-weed].”
• Naiadeæ, [159].
• Narcissus, [146].
• Nasturtium, [197], [227].
• Navicula, [42]; [Fig. 24].
• Nectar, [225].
• Nectary, [186].
• Nelumbo, [189], [190]; [Fig. 101].
• Nelumbieæ, [190].
• Nemophila, [214].
• Nepenthes, -eæ. See “[Pitcher plant].”
• Nesæa, [206].
• Nettle. See “[Urticinæ].”
• Nicotiana. See “[Tobacco].”
• Night-blooming cereus, [204].
• Nightshade, [215]; [Fig. 119].
• Nitella, [40].
• Nitelleæ, [40].
• Node, [39].
• Nucleus, [7], [31], [231].
• Nuclear division, [7], [31], [231]; Figs. [127], [128].
• Nucleolus, [7], [231].
• Nutmeg, [188].
• Nyctagineæ, [183].
• Nymphæa, [189]; [Fig. 101].
• Nymphæaceæ, [190].

• Oak, [183], [225]; [Fig. 97].
• Œdogonium, [26]–[28]; [Fig. 16].
  • reproduction, [27].
  • fertilization, [28].
  • resting spores, [28].
• Œnothera. See “[Evening primrose].”
• Oil-channel, [202].
• Oleaceæ. See “[Olive].”
• Oleander, [219].
• Olive, [218].
• Onagraceæ, [206].
• Onoclea, [104]; [Fig. 70].
• Oögonium, [27], [36], [39], [45], [59], [62].
• Oöphyte, [109].
• Opium--opium poppy, [191].
• Ophioglosseæ. See “[Adder-tongue].”
• Ophioglossum, [116].
• Opuntia. See “[Prickly pear].”
• Opuntieæ, [203].
• Orange, [198].
• Orchid, [164], [166], [227]; Figs. [89], [90].
• Orchideæ, [164].
• Orchis, [227]; [Fig. 89].
• Organic bodies, [1].
• Origanum oil, [234].
• Oscillaria, [15], [16]; [Fig. 6].
  • movements, [15].
  • color, [16].
  • structure and reproduction, [16].
• Osmunda. See “[Flowering-fern].”
• Ostrich-fern, [104]–[109].
  • germination of spores, [104].
  • prothallium, [104], [105].
  • archegonium, [105], [106].
  • antheridium and spermatozoids, [106].
  • fertilization, [107].
  • embryo and young plant, [107], [108].
  • comparison with sporogonium of bryophytes, [109].
• Ovary, [129], [148], [156], [202].
• Ovule, [129], [131], [144], [148], [151], [179].
• Oxalis. See “[Wood-sorrel].”
• Oxydendrum, [211]; [Fig. 116].
• Oxygen, [2], [95].