Elements of Structural and Systematic Botany / For High Schools and Elementary College Courses

by Douglas Houghton Campbell

• Palea, [161].
• Palisade parenchyma, [178].
• Palm, [157].
  • date, [159].
  • coco, [159].
• Palmæ. See “[Palm].”
• Palmate, [171].
• Palmetto, [159].
• Pandaneæ, [159].
• Papaveraceæ. See “[Poppy].”
• Papaw, [186]; [Fig. 100].
• Papilionaceæ, [208].
• Pappus, [223].
• Papyrus, [161].
• Paranucleus, [231].
• Parasite, [54].
• Parenchyma. See “[Soft tissue].”
• Parmelia, [73], [75]; [Fig. 44].
• Partridge-berry, [223], [228].
• Passiflora. See “[Passion-flower].”
• Passiflorinæ, [205].
• Passion-flower, [204]; [Fig. 112].
• Pea, [207], [208]; [Fig. 115].
• Peach, [206].
• Pear, [206].
• Pediastrum, [23]; [Fig. 11].
• Pelargonium, [197].
• Peltate, [190].
• Peltigera, [75]; [Fig. 45].
• Penicillium, [71]; [Fig. 42].
• Pepper, [183].
• Perianth. See “[Perigone].”
• Periblem, [176].
• Perigone, [143], [148], [151], [170].
• Perisperm, [163].
• Perisporiaceæ, [66].
• Periwinkle, [219].
• Peronospora, [60]; [Fig. 35].
• Peronosporeæ, [57].
• Persimmon, [212]; [Fig. 117].
• Petal, [148], [174], [179].
• Petiole, [173].
• Petunia, [215]; [Fig. 119].
• Peziza, [73]; [Fig. 43].
• Phacelia, [214].
• Phæophyceæ. See “[Brown algæ].”
• Phænogam. See “[Spermaphyte].”
• Phascum, -aceæ, [99], [101]; [Fig. 65].
• Philadelphus. See “[Syringa].”
• Phloem, [110], [124], [135], [137], [150], [173], [176].
• Phlox, [214]; [Fig. 118].
• Phœnix dactylifera. See “[Date-palm].”
• Phosphorus, [2].
• Phragmidium, [81]; [Fig. 47].
• Physarum, [14].
• Physianthus, [220].
• Physiology, [3].
• Phytolacca, -aceæ. See “[Poke-weed].”
• Phytophthora, [60].
• Pickerel-weed, [156], [228]; [Fig. 84].
• Picric acid, [156], [233].
• Pig-weed. See “[Amaranth].”
• Pine, [9], [10], [129], [142].
• Pineapple, [156].
• Pine-sap, [210]; [Fig. 116].
• Pinguicula, [218].
• Pink, [181], [185]; [Fig. 97].
• Pink-root, [218]; [Fig. 122].
• Pinnate (leaf), [159].
  • veined, [171].
• Pinnularia, [42]; [Fig. 24].
• Pinus sylvestris. See “[Scotch pine].”
• Piper. See “[Pepper].”
• Piperineæ, [183].
• Pistil, [143], [145], [174].
• Pitcher-plant, [194], [195]; [Fig. 105].
• Pith, [130], [174], [177].
• Placenta, [148], [179].
• Plane, [183].
• Plantago, -ineæ. See “[Plantain].”
• Plantain, [223], [225]; [Fig. 121].
• Plasmodium, [12].
• Plataneæ. See “[Plane].”
• Platanus. See “[Sycamore].”
• Plerome, [176].
• Plum, [207].
• Plumbago, -ineæ, [212].
• Pod, [156].
• Podophyllum. See “[May-apple].”
• Podosphæra, [66]–[70]; [Fig. 39].
  • general structure, [66].
  • structure of filaments, [68].
  • suckers, [68].
  • conidia, [68].
  • sexual organs, [68].
  • spore fruit, [68], [69].
  • spore sac, [69].
• Pogonia, [166].
• Poinsettia, [199].
• Poison-dogwood, [198].
• Poison-hemlock, [202].
• Poison-ivy, [171], [198].
• Poke-weed, [185]; [Fig. 97].
• Polemonium, -aceæ, [214]; [Fig. 118].
• Pollinium, [165].
• Polycarpæ, [185].
• Polygala, -aceæ. See “[Milkwort].”
• Polygonatum. See “[Solomon’s Seal].”
• Polygonum, -aceæ, [184]; [Fig. 98].
• Polysiphonia, [52]; [Fig. 29].
• Pomegranate, [206].
• Pond-scum, [22], [29], [30].
• Pond-weed, [159]; [Fig. 86].
• Pontederia. See “[Pickerel-weed].”
• Poplar, [181], [183].
• Poppy, [191].
• Portulaca, -aceæ. See “[Purslane].”
• Potash (caustic), [4], [5], [59], [67], [75], [97], [106], [111], [151], [176], [179], [180].
• Potassium, [2].
• Potato, [215].
• Potato-fungus. See “[Phytophthora].”
• Potentilla. See “[Cinquefoil].”
• Potomogeton. See “[Pond-weed].”
• Prickly-ash, [198].
• Prickly fungus. See “[Hydnum].”
• Prickly-pear, [204].
• Prickly-poppy. See “[Argemone].”
• Primrose, [211].
• Primula, -aceæ. See “[Primrose].”
• Prince’s-pine, [210]; [Fig. 116].
• Procarp, [51].
• Proteaceæ, [205].
• Prothallium, [102], [103], [114], [122], [125], [133], [144], [177].
• Protococcus, -aceæ, [22], [74]; [Fig. 11].
• Protophyte, [11].
• Protoplasm, [7].
  • movements of, [7].
• Pteridophyte, [102], [153].
• Puccinia, [81]; [Fig. 47]. See also “[Wheat-rust].”
• Puccoon, [215].
• Puff-ball. See “[Lycoperdon].”
• Purslane, [185].
• Putty-root. See “[Aplectrum].”
• Pyrenoid, [25], [31].
• Pyrenomycetes, [76].
• Pyrola, -aceæ, [210].

• Quince, [170].
• Quill-wort, [125], [126]; [Fig. 74].

• Raceme, [174].
• Radial fibro-vascular bundles, [138], [176].
• Radish, [192].
• Ranunculus, -aceæ. See “[Buttercup].”
• Raspberry, [207].
• Ray-flower, [223].
• Receptacle, [167], [207], [223].
• Receptive spot, [106].
• Red algæ, [21], [49], [52], [53]; Figs. [29]–[31].
• Red-bud, [209]; [Fig. 115].
• Red cedar, [79], [131], [141]; [Fig. 78].
• Red-wood, [142].
• Reference-books, [235]–[236].
• Reseda, -aceæ. See “[Mignonette].”
• Resin, [130].
• Resin-duct, [130], [135], [137].
• Resting-spore, [28], [32], [37], [57].
• Rheumatism-root. See “[Twin-leaf].”
• Rhexia, [206].
• Rhizocarpeæ. See “[Water-fern].”
• Rhizoid. See “[Root-hair].”
• Rhizome. See “[Root-stock].”
• Rhododendron, [210]; [Fig. 116].
• Rhodophyceæ. See “[Red algæ].”
• Rhodoraceæ, [211].
• Rhœadinæ, [190].
• Rhus. See “[Sumach].”
  • cotinus. See “[Smoke-tree].”
  • toxicodendron. See “[Poison-ivy].”
  • venenata. See “[Poison-dogwood].”
• Ribes, -ieæ, [203]; [Fig. 111].
• Ricciaceæ, [91]; [Fig. 57].
• Richardia. See “[Calla].”
• Ricinus. See “[Castor-bean].”
• Ringless-fern, [116].
• Rock-rose, [195].
• Rock-weed. See “[Fucus].”
• Root, [102], [104], [114], [173].
• Root-cap, [115], [175].
• Root-hair, [38], [87], [91], [96], [104], [135].
• Root-stock, [154], [172].
• Rosa, -aceæ. See “[Rose].”
• Rose, [181], [206]; [Fig. 114].
• Rosifloræ, [206].
• Rubiaceæ, [223].
• Rush, [154], [225]; [Fig. 83].
• Rust, white. See “[Cystopus].”
  • red. See “[Uredineæ].”
  • black. See “[Uredineæ].”

• Sabal. See “[Palmetto].”
• Sabbatia. See “[Centaury].”
• Saccharomycetes. See “[Yeast].”
• Sac fungi. See “[Ascomycetes].”
• Safranine, [233].
• Sage, [215]; [Fig. 120].
• Salicineæ, [183].
• Salix. See “[Willow].”
• Salvinia, [118].
• Sambucus. See “[Elder].”
• Sanguinaria. See “[Blood-root].”
• Sapindaceæ, [199].
• Saprolegnia, -aceæ, [60]–[62]; [Fig. 36].
  • zoöspores, [62].
  • resting spores, [62].
  • antheridium, [62].
• Sargassum, [48]; [Fig. 28].
• Sarracenia, -aceæ. See “[Pitcher-plant].”
• Sassafras, [188].
• Saururus. See “[Lizard-tail].”
• Saxifrage, [202].
• Saxifraginæ, [202].
• Scabiosa. See “[Scabious].”
• Scabious, [224].
• Scalariform, [110].
• Scale-leaves, [170].
• Scenedesmus, [24]; [Fig. 11].
• Schizomycetes. See “[Bacteria].”
• Schizophytes, [12], [14].
• Schlerenchyma. See “[Stony tissue].”
• Schrankia. See “[Sensitive-brier].”
• Scilla, [151].
• Scirpus. See “[Bulrush].”
• Scitamineæ, [153], [162].
• Scotch pine, [129]–[140]; Figs. [75]–[77].
  • stems and branches, [129].
  • leaves, [129], [130].
  • gross anatomy of stem, [130].
  • growth-rings, [130].
  • roots, [131].
  • sporangia, [131].
  • cones, [132].
  • macrospores and prothallium, [133].
  • ripe cone and seeds, [133].
  • germination, [134].
  • young plant, [134].
  • histology of leaf, [135].
    • of stem, [136]–[138].
    • of root, [138].
  • microsporangium and pollen spores, [138], [139].
  • archegonium, [140].
  • fertilization, [140].
• Scouring-rush, [122].
• Scrophularia, -ineæ. See “[Figwort].”
• Sea-lettuce, [26]; [Fig. 15].
• Sea-rosemary, [212].
• Sea-weed (brown). See “[Brown algæ].”
  • (red). See “[Red algæ].”
• Sedge, [161]; [Fig. 87].
• Sedum. See “[Stonecrop].”
• Seed, [128], [133], [145], [150].
• Seed-plant. See “[Spermaphyte].”
• Selaginella, -eæ. See “[Smaller club-moss].”
• Sensitive-brier, [209]; [Fig. 115].
• Sensitive-plant, [209].
• Sepal, [148], [150], [174], [179].
• Sequoia. See “[Red-wood].”
• Sessile leaf, [170].
• Shepherdia, [206].
• Shepherd’s-purse, [173]–[180]; Figs. [93]–[95].
  • gross anatomy of stem, [173].
    • leaf, [124], [173].
    • root, [173].
  • branches, [174].
  • flower, [174], [175].
  • fruit and seed, [175].
  • histology of root, [175], [176].
    • stem, [177].
    • leaf, [177], [178].
  • development of flower, [179].
    • ovule, [179].
    • embryo, [180].
• Shooting-star, [212]; [Fig. 117].
• Sieve-tube, [111], [137].
• Silene. See “[Catch-fly].”
• Silicon, [2].
• Simple leaf, [170].
• Siphoneæ, [22], [34].
• Sisyrinchium. See “[Blue-eyed grass].”
• Skunk cabbage, [157].
• Slime mould, [12], [14]; [Fig. 5].
  • plasmodium, [12].
  • movements, [13].
  • feeding, [13].
  • spore-cases, [13].
  • spores, [13].
  • germination of spores, [14].
• Smart-weed. See “[Polygonum].”
• Smilaceæ, [155].
• Smoke-tree, [198].
• Smut, [64], [65].
• Smut-corn. See “[Ustillago].”
• Snowberry, [223].
• Soft-tissue, [112].
• Solanum, -eæ, [215].
• Solomon’s Seal, [154]; [Fig. 83].
• Soredium, [74].
• Sorus, [118].
• Spadicifloræ, [153], [157].
• Spadix, [157].
• Spanish bayonet. See “[Yucca].”
• Sparganium. See “[Bur-reed].”
• Speedwell. See “[Veronica].”
• Spermaphyte, [128]–[129].
• Spermatozoid, [28], [36], [40], [46], [51], [89], [96], [106], [122].
• Spermagonium, [79], [80].
• Sphagnum, -aceæ, [99], [100].
  • sporogonium, [100].
  • leaf, [100].
• Spice-bush, [188].
• Spiderwort, [6], [151], [157]; [Fig. 85].
• Spigelia. See “[Pink-root].”
• Spike, [181].
• Spikenard, [202]; [Fig. 110].
• Spinach, [184].
• Spindle-tree, [199]; [Fig. 109].
• Spirogyra, [30]–[32]; [Fig. 18].
  • structure of cells, [30].
  • starch, [31].
  • cell-division, [31].
  • sexual reproduction, [32].
• Sporangium, [55], [62], [113], [121], [122], [131], [148], [151], [179].
• Spore-case. See “[Sporangium].”
• Spore-fruit, [51], [66], [69], [70], [73], [83].
• Spore-sac. See “[Ascus].”
• Sporocarp. See “[Spore-fruit].”
• Sporogonium, [87], [90], [102], [123].
• Sporophyll, [128], [131], [148].
• Sporophyte, [109].
• Spring-beauty, [185]; [Fig. 98].
• Spruce, [142].
• Spurge. See “[Euphorbia].”
• Squash, [221].
• Staining agents, [4], [231], [233].
• Stamen, [128], [143], [148], [174], [179].
• Standard, [207].
• Staphylea. See “[Bladder-nut].”
• Starch, [31], [95], [152].
• Statice. See “[Sea-rosemary].”
• Stellaria. See “[Chick-weed].”
• Stemonitis, [13]; [Fig. 5].
• Sticta, [75]; [Fig. 45].
• Stigeoclonium, [26]; [Fig. 14].
• Stigma, [145], [148], [175], [179].
• St. John’s-wort, [195]; [Fig. 105].
• Stock, [192].
• Stoma. See “[Breathing-pore].”
• Stonecrop, [202]; [Fig. 113].
• Stone-fruit, [206].
• Stone-wort. See “[Characeæ].”
• Stony-tissue, [110].
• Stramonium, [215].
• Strawberry, [171], [202], [206]; [Fig. 113].
• Style, [148], [175], [179].
• Stylophorum, [187]; [Fig. 103].
• Sugar, [8], [145].
• Sulphur, [2].
• Sumach, [198]; [Fig. 108].
• Sun-dew, [192], [193]; [Fig. 104].
• Sunflower, [224].
• Suspensor, [180].
• Sweet-flag, [157].
• Sweet-potato, [214].
• Sweet-scented shrub. See “[Calycanthus].”
• Sweet-william, [185].
• Sycamore, [183].
• Sympetalæ, [210].
• Symphoricarpus. See “[Snowberry].”
• Symplocarpus. See “[Skunk-cabbage].”
• Synergidæ, [144].
• Syringa, [199]; [Fig. 111]. See also “[Lilac].”

• Tamarack, [142].
• Tap-root, [131], [173].
• Taraxacum. See “[Dandelion].”
• Taxodium. See “[Cypress].”
• Taxus. See “[Yew].”
• Teasel, [224]; [Fig. 124].
• Tecoma. See “[Trumpet-creeper].”
• Teleuto-spore, [80], [81].
• Tendril, [171].
• Terebinthinæ, [198].
• Tetraspore, [51], [52].
• Thistle, [173], [223]; [Fig. 125].
• Thorn, [172].
• Thyme, [215].
• Thymeleaceæ, [206].
• Thymelinæ, [206].
• Tilia, -aceæ. See “[Linden].”
• Tillandsia, [156]; [Fig. 84].
• Tissue, [8].
• Tissue system, [115].
• Toadstool, [82].
• Tobacco, [215].
• Tolypella, [40].
• Tomato, [215].
• Touch-me-not. See “[Jewel-weed].”
• Tracheary tissue, [110], [121], [177].
• Tracheid, [110], [138].
• Tradescantia. See “[Spiderwort].”
• Trailing arbutus, [211].
• Tremella, [81]; [Fig. 51].
• Trichia, [13], [14]; [Fig. 5].
• Trichogyne, [51].
• Tricoccæ, [199].
• Triglochin. See “[Arrow-grass].”
• Trillium, [146], [154], [155]; [Fig. 83].
• Triphragmium, [81].
• Tropæolum. See “[Nasturtium].”
• Trumpet-creeper.
• Tuber, [120], [153], [172].
• Tubifloræ, [213].
• Tulip, [146].
• Tulip-tree, [187]; [Fig. 100].
• Turnip, [192].
• Twin-leaf, [187]; [Fig. 101].
• Typha, -aceæ. See “[Cat-tail].”

• Ulmaceæ. See “[Elm].”
• Ulva. See “[Sea-lettuce].”
• Umbelliferæ. See “[Umbel-wort].”
• Umbel-wort, [202].
• Umbellifloræ, [202].
• Uredineæ, [77].
• Uromyces, [81]; [Fig. 47].
• Urticinæ, [183].
• Usnea, [75]; [Fig. 45].
• Ustillagineæ. See “[Smut].”
• Ustillago, [65]; [Fig. 38].
• Utricularia. See “[Bladder-weed].”
• Uvularia. See “[Bellwort].”

• Vaccinium. See “[Cranberry].”
• Vacuole, [8].
• Valerian, [224]; [Fig. 124].
• Valeriana, -eæ. See “[Valerian].”
• Vallisneria. See “[Eel-grass].”
• Vanilla, [166].
• Vaucheria, [34]–[37]; Figs. [21], [22].
  • structure of plant, [35].
  • racemosa, [35].
  • non-sexual reproduction, [36].
  • sexual organs, [36].
  • fertilization, [36].
  • resting spores, [37].
• Venus’s fly-trap, [192].
• Verbascum. See “[Mullein].”
• Verbena, -aceæ, [218]; [Fig. 121].
• Veronica, [217]; [Fig. 120].
• Vervain. See “[Verbena].”
• Vessel, [121], [135], [150], [175], [177].
• Viburnum, [223]; [Fig. 124].
• Victoria regia, [190].
• Vinca. See “[Periwinkle].”
• Vine, [199].
• Violet, [192]; [Fig. 104].
• Viola, -aceæ. See “[Violet].”
• Virginia creeper, [171], [199].
• Vitis. See “[Grape].”
• Vitaceæ. See “[Vine].”
• Volvox, [12], [20]; [Fig. 10].
• Volvocineæ, [12], [19].

• Wall-flower, [192].
• Walnut, [183].
• Wandering-Jew, [157].
• Water fern, [117].
• Water-leaf, [214]; [Fig. 118].
• Water-lily. See “[Nymphæa],” “[Castalia].”
• Water-milfoil, [206]; [Fig. 113].
• Water mould. See “[Saprolegnia].”
• Water net, [24]; [Fig. 11].
• Water-plantain, [167].
• Water-shield, [190].
• Water-starwort, [200].
• Wax-plant, [220].
• Wheat, [78].
• Wheat rust, [78], [81]; [Fig. 47].
• Whitlavia, [214].
• Wild ginger, [224]; [Fig. 126].
• Wild onion, [230].
• Wild parsnip, [202].
• Willow, [181]–[183]; [Fig. 96].
• Willow-herb, [206], [226]; [Fig. 113].
• Wing (of papilionaceous flower), [208].
• Wintergreen, [211].
• Wolffia, [159].
• Wood. See “[Xylem].”
• Wood-sorrel, [197]; [Fig. 107].

• Xylem, [110], [124], [135], [150], [173], [176].

• Yam, [154].
• Yeast, [63], [64]; [Fig. 37].
  • cause of fermentation, [63].
  • reproduction, [64].
  • systematic position, [64].
• Yew, [141].
• Yucca, [153].