D. B. Macdonald: The Life of al-Ghazzali. In the Journal of the American Oriental Society, vol. xx, pp. 71-132.
D. B. Macdonald: Emotional Religion in Islam as affected by Music and Singing. Being a translation of a book of the Ihya of al-Ghazzali. In JRAS for April and October, 1901, and January, 1902.
Miguel Asin Palacios: Algazel, dogmatica, moral, ascetica. Zaragoza, 1901.
C. Barbier de Meynard: Traduction nouvelle du Traité de Ghazzali, intitulé Le Preservatif de l’Erreur. In JA, vii, 9, pp. 5 ff.
T. J. de Boer: Die Widersprüche der Philosophie nach al-Ghazzali und ihr Ausgleich durch Ibn Roshd. Strassburg, 1894.
A translation of al-Ghazzali’s Tahafut has been begun by Carra de Vaux in Le Muséon, xxviii, p. 143 (June, 1899).
Ignaz Goldziher: Materialien zur Kenntniss der Almohadenbewegung in Nordafrika. ZDMG, xli, pp. 30 ff.
Ignaz Goldziher: Die Bekenntnissformeln der Almohaden. ZDMG, xliv, pp. 168 ff.
Robert Flint: Historical Philosophy in France and French Belgium and Switzerland. New York, 1894. Contains an excellent estimate of Ibn Khaldun as a philosophical historian.
A. von Kremer: Ibn Chaldun und seine Culturgeschichte der islamischen Reiche. Wien, 1879.