[180] Roger de Hoveden, Chronicon (R. S.), iii. 143 ‘De regno Francorum cantores et ioculatores muneribus allexerat, ut de illo canerent in plateis; et iam dicebatur quod non erat talis in orbe.’
[181] Ten Brink, i. 314.
[182] Malory, Morte d’Arthur, x. 27, 31. Even King Mark let the minstrel go quit, because he was a minstrel.
[183] Cf. p. 40.
[184] Ordericus Vitalis, Hist. Eccles. xii. 19 ‘pro derisoriis cantionibus ... quin etiam indecentes de me cantilenas facetus choraula composuit, ad iniuriam mei palam cantavit, malevolosque mihi hostes ad cachinnos ita saepe provocavit.’ Lucas de Barre seems to have been of noble birth, but ‘palam cantavit cantilenas.’
[185] Cf. p. 30.
[186] Speculum Perfectionis (ed. Sabatier), 197. When Francis had finished his Canticle of the Sun, he thought for a moment of summoning ‘frater Pacificus qui in saeculo vocabatur rex versuum et fuit valde curialis doctor cantorum,’ and giving him a band of friars who might sing it to the people at the end of their sermons: ‘finitis autem laudibus volebat quod praedicator diceret populo: “Nos sumus ioculatores Domini, et pro his volumus remunerari a vobis, videlicet ut stetis in vera paenitentia.” Et ait: “Quid enim sunt servi Dei nisi quidam ioculatores eius qui corda hominum erigere debent et movere ad laetitiam spiritualem.”’ Cf. Sabatier, Life of St. Francis, 9, 51, 307. Perhaps Francis may have heard of Joachim of Flora, his contemporary, who wrote in his Commentary on the Apocalypse, f. 183. a. 2 ‘qui vere monachus est nihil reputat esse suum nisi citharam.’
[187] The MS. of the famous thirteenth-century canon Sumer is icumen in has religious words written beneath the profane ones; cf. Wooldridge, Oxford Hist. of Music, i. 326. Several religious adaptations of common motives of profane lyric are amongst the English thirteenth-century poems preserved in Harl. MS. 2253 (Specimens of Lyrical Poetry: Percy Soc., 1842, no. 19, and ed. Böddeker, Berlin, 1878).
[188] Jusserand, E. W. L. 195, 199, 215; Strutt, 194-5, 210, 227; Hazlitt-Warton, ii. 119; Chappell, i. 15; Collier, i. 22; Wardrobe Accounts of Edward I (Soc. Antiq.), 163, 166, 168.
[189] Cf. Appendix C.