[190] Cf. Appendix D.
[191] This cannot be the famous Adan de le Hale (cf. ch. viii), known as ‘le Bossu,’ if Guy, 178, is right in saying that his nephew, Jean Mados, wrote a lament for his death in 1288. He quotes Hist. Litt. xx. 666, as to this.
[192] Gautier, ii. 103; Bédier, 405, quote many similar names; e.g. Quatre Œufs, Malebouche, Ronge-foie, Tourne-en-fuie, Courtebarbe, Porte-Hotte, Mal Quarrel, Songe-Feste a la grant viele, Mal-appareillié, Pelé, Brise-Pot, Simple d’Amour, Chevrete, Passereau.
[193] William of Malmesbury, Gesta Reg. Angl. (R. S.), ii. 494.
[194] Ordericus Vitalis, v. 12, &c. On one occasion ‘ad ecclesiam, quia nudus erat, non pervenit.’
[195] Bédier, 359.
[196] Gautier, chs. xx, xxi, gives an admirable account of the jougleur’s daily life, and its seamy side is brought out by Bédier, 399-418. A typical jougleur figure is that of the poet Rutebeuf, a man of genius, but often near death’s door from starvation. See the editions of his works by Jubinal and Kressner, and the biography by Clédat in the series of Grands Écrivains français.
[197] Morley, Bartholomew Fair, 1-25, from Liber Fundacionis in Cott. Vesp. B. ix; Leland, Collectanea, 1, 61, 99; Dugdale, Monasticon, ii. 166; Stow, Survey, 140; C. Knight, London, ii. 34; Percy, 406. No minstrels, however, appear in the formal list of Henry I’s Norman Household (†1135), which seems to have been the nucleus of the English Royal Household as it existed up to 1782 (Hall, Red Book of Exchequer, R.S., iii. cclxxxvii, 807).
[198] Gautier, ii. 47, 54; G. Paris, § 88; Ambroise, L’Estoire de la Guerre Sainte, ed. G. Paris (Documents inédits sur l’Hist. de France, 1897).
[199] Percy, 358.