[1.]Burmese Junk8
[2.]Norwegian “Jaegt”13
[3.]Egyptian Ship of about 6000 B.C.22
From an amphora found in Upper Egypt, and now in the British Museum (Painted Pottery of Predynastic Period, Case 5, No. 35324).
[4.]Egyptian Ship of the Fifth Dynasty30
From wall-paintings in the Temple of Deir-el-Bahari.
[5 ]and [6.] Model of an Egyptian Ship of the Twelfth Dynasty To face 34
From a tomb at Rifeh, excavated 1906-7. Photographs by courtesy of Dr. Hoyle, Director of the Manchester Museum, where the model is preserved.
[7.]Egyptian ShipTo face 40
From wall-paintings in the Temple of Deir-el-Bahari.
[8.]An Egyptian Nugger43
Sketch by H. Warington Smyth; from his “Mast and Sail,” by courtesy of the author and Mr. John Murray.
[9.]Phœnician Ship52
From a coin of Sidon, c. 450 B.C., in the British Museum. Twice the actual size.
[10.]Phœnician Ship54
From a coin of Sidon, c. 450 B.C., in the Hunterian Collection, Glasgow. Twice the actual size.
[11.]Greek Ship58
From a Bœotian fibula of the eighth century B.C., in the British Museum (First Vase Room, Case D, No. 3204).
[12.]Greek War Galley59
From a vase of about 500 B.C., in the British Museum (Second Vase Room, Table-case H, No. B. 436).
[13.]Greek Merchantman61
From the same vase.
[14.]Stern of a Greek Ship64
From a coin of Phaselis, of about the fifth century B.C., in the British Museum (Greek and Roman Life Room, Case 1, No. 36). Twice the actual size.
[15.]Boar’s-head Bow of a Greek Ship64
From the same coin. Twice the actual size.
[16.]The Ship of Odysseus66
From a Greek vase, c. 500 B.C., in the British Museum (Third Vase Room, Case G, No. E. 440).
[17.]Terra-cotta Model of a Greek Ship68
Model of the sixth century B.C., in the British Museum (Greek and Roman Life Room, Case 53, No. A. 202).
[18.]A Coin of Apollonia, showing Shape of Anchor72
Coin of about 420 B.C., in the British Museum (Greek and Roman Life Room, Case 2, No. 21). Twice the actual size.
[19.]A Roman Warship73
From Lazare de Baïf’s “Annotationes ... de re navali,” Paris, 1536, p. 164.
[20.]Roman Ship75
From the same book, p. 167.
[21.]Roman Merchant Ships To face 80
From a relief, c. 200 A.D.
[22.]Roman Ship entering Harbour82
From an earthenware lamp, c. 200 A.D., in the British Museum (Greek and Roman Life Room, Case 53, No. 518).
[23.]Fishing-boat in Harbour83
From another lamp, as the last.
[24.]Navis Actuaria87
From a recently discovered mosaic at Althiburus, near Tunis; reproduced by kind permission from M. Leroux’ “Monuments et Mémoires,” Paris, 1905.
[25.]The Viking Boat dug up at Brigg, Lincolnshire To face 96
From a photograph, taken during its excavation in 1886, and supplied by Mr. John Scott, of Brigg.
[26.]Ancient Scandinavian Rock-carving111
From Du Chaillu’s “Viking Age,” by courtesy of Mr. John Murray.
[27.]Viking Ship-form Grave114
From the same.
[28.]The Gogstad Viking Ship To face 118
From a photograph by O. Voering, Christiania.
[29.]The Gogstad Viking Ship To face 120
From a photograph by O. Voering, Christiania.
[30.]Norwegian Ship120
From a sketch by H. Warington Smyth, by courtesy of the artist.
[31.]Russian Ship121
As the last.
[32.]Harold’s Ships; from the Bayeux Tapestry To face 134
From a photograph of the replica at South Kensington.
[33.]William the Conqueror’s Ships; from the Bayeux Tapestry136
As the last.
[34.]Lading Arms and Wine; from the Bayeux Tapestry138
As the last.
[35.]Mediterranean Warship of the Thirteenth Century142
From a drawing.
[36.]A Fourteenth-Century Dromon144
From a drawing.
[37.]Seal of Winchelsea150
From the original in the British Museum. Actual size.
[38.]Seal of Hastings151
From the original in the British Museum. Actual size.
[39.]Thirteenth-century English Ship To face 152
From the model by Frank H. Mason, now in the South Kensington Museum.
[40.]Seal of Dam, West Flanders155
From the original in the British Museum. Actual size.
[41.]Panel of the Shrine of St. Ursula, after Memling (1489)165
[42.]Seal of La Rochelle167
From the original in the British Museum. Actual size.
[43.]A Caravel of the End of the Fifteenth Century To face 178
From the model by Frank H. Mason, now in the South Kensington Museum.
[44.]A Fifteenth-century Caravel To face 180
From the model in the United Service Museum, Whitehall.
[45.]Columbus’s Flagship, the Santa Maria To face 182
By courtesy of Capt. C. E. Terry, from the model constructed by him.
[46.]The French Cordelière and the English Regent To face 184
From MS. Fr. 1672 in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris; reproduced by courtesy of Prof. W. Bang, Louvain, from the “Enterlude of Youth,” 1905.
[47.]The Embarkation of Henry VIII. at Dover in 1520 To face 186
Showing the Henri Grâce à Dieu. Photograph by W. M. Spooner & Co., from the painting by Holbein at Hampton Court Palace.
[48.]Two of Henry VIII.’s Ships—The Murrian To face 188
[49.]Two of Henry VIII.’s Ships—The Struse To face 188
From a roll of 1546 in the Pepysian Library, Cambridge, by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Magdalene College.
[50.]The Ark Royal, Elizabeth’s Flagship. Built in 1587 To face 198
From a contemporary print in the British Museum.
[51.]Elizabethan Man-of-war To face 138
From F. P. Barnard’s “Companion to English History” (Clarendon Press, 1902).
[52.]The Spanish Armada coming up Channel To face 206
From “The Tapestry Hangings of the House of Lords,” engraved by John Pine, 1739.
[53.]The Black Pinnesse, which brought Home the Body of Sir P. Sidney To face 208
From “Celebritas et Pompa Funeris,” &c., by T. Lant, 1587.
[54.]A Galleon of the Time of Elizabeth To face 210
From a contemporary print in the British Museum.
[55.]Spanish Galleons To face 212
From a print in the British Museum, c. 1560.
[56.]Spanish Treasure-Frigate of about 1590 To face 214
From the original drawing by an English spy, by permission of the Records Office.
[57.]Mediterranean Galley217
Sketched from a model in the South Kensington Museum.
[58.]An Early Seventeenth-century Galley To face 216
From Joseph Furttenbach’s “Architectura Navalis,” 1629.
[59.]A Full-rigged Ship of the Early Seventeenth Century To face 218
From the same.
[60.]The Prince Royal To face 226
From the painting at Trinity House, by permission of the Elder Brethren. Block by arrangement with Messrs. Cassell & Co., from Traill and Mann’s “Social England,” iv. 69.
[61.]The Sovereign of the Seas. Built in 1637 To face 230
From an engraving in the British Museum.
[62.]Bomb Ketch To face 236
From a print in the United Service Museum, Whitehall.
[63.]The Royal Charles. Built in 1672 To face 240
From the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[64.]A Dutch Man-of-war of about the End of the Seventeenth Century To face 242
From the model in the United Service Museum, Whitehall.
[65.]The Terrible, a Two-decker captured from the French in 1747 To face 244
From a print in the United Service Museum, Whitehall.
[66.]H.M.S. Royal George. 100 guns, 2047 tons. Foundered in 1782 To face 246
From an engraving by T. Baston, in the British Museum.
[67.]Nelson’s Victory. 2162 tons. Built in 1765 To face 248
From a photograph by S. Cribb.
[68.]The Stern of H.M.S. Victory, showing Poop Lanterns To face 250
From a photograph by S. Cribb.
[69.]Corvette, 340 tons, of about 1780 To face 252
From the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[70.]The Newcastle, an East Indiaman To face 258
Photograph by Hughes & Son, Ltd.
[71.]Spithead: Boat’s Crew recovering an Anchor To face 226
From a photograph by Hanfstaengl of the painting by J. M. W. Turner in the National Gallery.
[72.]A West Indiaman of 1820 To face 260
From a print in the British Museum.
[73.]The Ariel and Taeping, September 1866 To face 266
From an engraving in the South Kensington Museum.
[74.]The Iron Clipper Stonehouse. Built in 1866 To face 268
From the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[75.]The Iron Barque Macquarie. Built in 1875 To face 270
Photograph by Hughes & Son, Ltd.
[76.]The Desdemona. Built in 1875 To face 272
Photograph by Hughes & Son, Ltd.
[77.]The Olive Bank. Steel Four-masted Barque. Built in 1892 To face 274
Photograph by J. Adamson & Son, Rothesay.
[78.]A Modern Four-masted Barque, and the Mauretania To face 276
From a painting by Charles Dixon.
[79.]The Queen Margaret. Built in 1893 To face 272
With Fig. 76. Photograph by Hughes & Son, Ltd.
[80.]A First-rater of 1815, showing Details of Spars and Rigging To face 280
[81.]Full-rigged Ship279
Sail-plan, with referenced list of names.
[82.]From “River Scene with Sailing Boats.” By Jan Van der Cappelle285
Sketched from the original painting, No. 964 in the National Gallery.
[83.]A Modern Dutch Schuyt286
[84.]“A Fresh Gale at Sea.” By W. Van der Welde287
Sketched from the original painting, No. 150 in the National Gallery.
[85.]“River Scene.” By W. Van der Welde288
Sketched from the original painting, No. 978 in the National Gallery.
[86.]The Bawley290
[87.]The Schooner Pinkie (1800-50)294
[88.]The Fredonia. Built in 1891295
[89.]Gloucester Schooner, A.D. 1901296
[90.]Gloucester Schooner, A.D. 1906297
[91.]An American Four-masted Schooner298
Sketched by H. Warington Smyth; from his “Mast and Sail,” by courtesy of the author and Mr. John Murray.
[92.]A Barquentine off the South Foreland299
[93.]Barquentine with Stuns’ls300
[94.]The Fantôme, 18-ton Brig. Launched 1838 To face 298
From the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[95.]H.M.S. Martin, Training-Brig. Launched 1836 To face 300
[96.]A Hermaphrodite Brig301
[97.]The Tillikum, Schooner-rigged “Dug-out”302
[98.]Lowestoft Drifter304
[99.]Thames Barge305
[100.]Norfolk Wherry306
[101.]Dhow-rigged Yacht To face 306
From the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[102.]Suez Dhows, with a Sibbick Rater308
Sketched by H. P. Butler.
[103.]Mediterranean Felucca309
Sketched from the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[104.]Hailam Junk311
Sketched by H. Warington Smyth.
[105.]Chinese Junk313
Sketched from the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[106.]Blankenberg Boat314
[107.]French “Chasse-Marée”315
[108.]Scotch “Zulu”316
[109.]Penzance Lugger317
[110.]Deal Galley Punt318
[111.]The Yacht Kestrel. Owned by the Earl of Yarborough To face 310
[112.]The Yacht Xarifa. Owned by the Earl of Wilton To face 312
[113.]The Schooner Alarm. Rebuilt 1852 To face 314
Photograph by G. West & Son from a print, by kind permission of the Committee of the Royal Victoria Yacht Club, Ryde.
[114.]The Oimara. Built in 1867 To face 316
[115.]The Bloodhound. Built in 1874 To face 316
[116.]The Schooner-Yacht Sunbeam. Owned by Lord Brassey. To face 318
Photograph by West & Son.
[117.]The Yawl Jullanar. Built in 1875329
From the model in the South Kensington Museum.
[118.]The Satanita. Built in 1893 To face 320
Photograph by West & Son.
[119.]King Edward VII.’s Cutter Britannia. Launched 1893 To face 322
Photograph by S. Cribb.
[120.]The Valkyrie I. Owned by the Earl of Dunraven To face 324
Photograph by West & Son.
[121.]The Ship-rigged Yacht Valhalla. Built in 1892 To face 326
Photograph by West & Son.
[122.]The American Cup Defender Columbia. Launched in 1899 To face 328
Photograph by West & Son.
[123.]The Schooner-Yacht Meteor. Owned by H.M. the German Emperor To face 330
Photograph by S. Cribb.
[124.]White Heather II., 23-Mètre Cutter To face 332
Photograph by West & Son.
[125.]Shamrock IV., 23-Mètre Cutter. Launched 1908 To face 334
Photograph by West & Son.

PLANS.

(AT END OF VOLUME.)

PLAN
[1.]The Gjöa: Sail and Rigging Plan (see p. 291).
[2.] ” ” Longitudinal Section (see p. 291).
[3.] ” ” Deck Plan (see p. 292).
[4.]The Royal Sovereign, George III.’s Yacht (see p. 322).
[5.]Schooner Elizabeth: Sail Plan (see p. 331).
[6.]” ” Deck Plan (see p. 331).
[7.]” ” Longitudinal Section (see p. 331).
[8.]Schooner Pampas: Sail and Rigging Plan (see p. 332).
[9.]” ” Longitudinal and Horizontal Sections (see p. 332).

CHAPTER I.
INTRODUCTORY.

A short time ago one of our Naval Museums came into possession of a certain model of a sailing ship. She was a fine vessel, one of the first of the old “wooden walls” to be built in the reign of the late Queen. The Curator wisely determined to have this model fully rigged with all her spars, sails, and gear, just as the original had been in her days of active service. Every detail was correct; every halyard and brace were made of proportionate thickness. Even the right kind of “stuff” was found, after some difficulty, for the cable. An efficient rigger, too, was found, who happened to have served on this same ship.

Finally, when the model was completed the Curator looked at it and said, “Now it will be possible for those who come after us to tell exactly how a sailing ship was rigged; in a few years’ time there won’t be a man alive who will know how to do it.”

It is with a similar desire, to preserve all that can be gathered, that an attempt is made in the present book to collect into one continuous narrative the historical data available concerning the evolution of that fast-disappearing object—the sailing ship. With the advent of steam was hoisted the signal for abolishing sail; and although for a long time the famous old clippers put up a keen fight, yet for commercial purposes, when passengers and mails, merchandise and perishable food, had to be hurried from one side of the world to the other without loss of time, it became impossible for a sailing ship, that depended so entirely on the mercy of wind and weather, to compete successfully with the steamship. By 1840, it will be remembered, steamers had commenced crossing the Atlantic, and within the next ten or fifteen years the sailing ship, except for such long voyages as to China, Australia, and other distant countries, was for ever doomed. Perhaps these beautiful creatures, oversparred and undermanned though they are nowadays, will be allowed, in spite of competition and low freights, to remain with us a little longer. It is probable that the introduction of the motor, instead of assisting to complete the departure of sails, will help in their being retained: for it has now been found commercially profitable to instal the internal-combustion engine in ships of a size not exceeding about seven hundred tons. By this means sail can be used in a fair wind, and the motor can take her along in calms, as well as in tolerable weather against a head wind. In entering harbours and leaving there will also be a saving of the charge for a tug. Perhaps when the marine-motor industry has become more perfect it will be possible to fit a sufficiently powerful motor to a 4000-ton barque.