To compute the capacity of pumping engines, multiply the area of water piston, in inches, by the distance it travels, in inches, in a given time. Deduct 3 per cent for slip and rod displacement. The product divided by 231 gives the number of gallons in time named.
To find the velocity in feet per minute necessary to discharge a given volume of water in a given time, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the area of the pipe in inches.
To find the area of a required pipe, the volume and velocity of water being given, multiply the number of cubic feet of water by 144 and divide the product by the velocity in feet per minute. The area being found, the diameter can be learned by using any table giving the "area of circles" and finding the nearest area, opposite to which will be found the diameter to correspond.
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
(From Lewkowitsch and other authorities.)
| Specific gravity at 15°C. | Specific gravity at 100°C. | Melting-point. C. | Solidifying-point. C. | |
| Linseed oil | 0.931-0.938 | 0.880 | -16° to -26° | -16° |
| Hemp-seed oil | 0.925-0.931 | -27° | ||
| Walnut oil | 0.925-0.926 | 0.871 | -27° | |
| Poppy-seed oil | 0.924-0.927 | 0.873 | -18° | |
| Sunflower oil | 0.924-0.926 | 0.919 | -17° | |
| Fir-seed oil | 0.925-0.928 | -27° to -30° | ||
| Maize oil | 0.921-0.926 | -10° to -15° | ||
| Cotton-seed oil | 0.922-0.930 | 0.867 | 12° | |
| Sesame oil | 0.923-0.924 | 0.871 | -5° | |
| Rape-seed oil | 0.914-0.917 | 0.863 | -2° to -10° | |
| Black mustard oil | 0.916-0.920 | -17.5° | ||
| Croton oil | 0.942-0.955 | -16° | ||
| Castor oil | 0.960-0.966 | 0.910 | -12° to -18° | |
| Apricot-kernel oil | 0.915-0.919 | -14° | ||
| Almond oil | 0.915-0.920 | -10° to -20° | ||
| Peanut (arachis) oil | 0.916-0.920 | 0.867 | -3° to -7° | |
| Olive oil | 0.914-0.917 | 0.862 | 2° | |
| Menhaden oil | 0.927-0.933 | -4° | ||
| Cod-liver oil | 0.922-0.927 | 0.874 | 0° to -10° | |
| Seal oil | 0.924-0.929 | 0.873 | 3° | |
| Whale oil | 0.920-0.930 | 0.872 | -2° | |
| Dolphin oil | 0.917-0.918 | 5° to -3° | ||
| Porpoise oil | 0.926 | 0.871 | -16° | |
| Neat's-foot oil | 0.914-0.916 | 0.861 | 0° to 1.5° | |
| Cotton-seed stearine | 0.919-0.923 | 0.867 | 40° | 31° to 32.5° |
| Palm oil | 0.921-0.925 | 0.856 | 27° to 42° | |
| Cacao butter | 0.950-0.952 | 0.858 | 30° to 33° | 25° to 26° |
| Cocoa-nut oil | 0.925-0.926 | 0.873 | 20° to 26° | 16° to 20° |
| Myrtle wax | 0.995 | 0.875 | 40° to 44° | 39° to 43° |
| Japan wax | 0.970-0.980 | 0.875 | 51° to 54.5° | 46° |
| Lard | 0.931-0.938 | 0.861 | 41° to 46° | 29° |
| Bone fat | 0.914-0.916 | 21° to 22° | 15° to 17° | |
| Tallow | 0.943-0.952 | 0.860 | 42° to 46° | 35° to 37° |
| Butter fat | 0.927-0.936 | 0.866 | 29.5° to 33° | 19° to 20° |
| Oleomargarine | 0.924-0.930 | 0.859 | ||
| Sperm oil | 0.875-0.884 | 0.833 | -25° | |
| Bottle-nose oil | 0.879-0.880 | 0.827 | ||
| Carnauba wax | 0.990-0.999 | 0.842 | 84° to 85° | 80° to 81° |
| Wool-fat | 0.973 | 0.901 | 39° to 42° | 30° to 30.2° |
| Beeswax | 0.958-0.969 | 0.822 | 62° to 64° | 60.5° to 62° |
| Spermaceti | 0.960 | 0.812 | 43.5° to 49° | 43.4° to 44.2° |
| Chinese wax | 0.970 | 0.810 | 80.5° to 81° | 80.5° to 81° |
| Tung (Chinese wood oil) | 0.936-0.942 | below -17° | ||
| Soya-bean oil | 0.924-0.927 | 8° to 15° |
Physical and Chemical Constants of Fixed Oils and Fats.
(From Lewkowitsch and other Authorities.)
| Saponification value. | Maumené test. | Iodine value. | Hehner value. | Reichert value. | |
| Linseed oil | 190-195 | 104°-111° | 175-190 | ||
| Hemp-seed oil | 190-193 | 95°-96° | 148 | ||
| Walnut oil | 195 | 96°-101° | 144-147 | ||
| Poppy-seed oil | 195 | 86°-88° | 134-141 | 95.38 | |
| Sunflower oil | 193-194 | 72°-75° | 120-129 | 95 | |
| Fir-seed oil | 191.3 | 98°-99° | 118.9-120 | ||
| Maize oil | 188-193 | 56°-60.5° | 117-125 | 89-95.7 | 2.5 |
| Cotton-seed oil | 191-195 | 68°-77° | 104-110 | 96-17 | |
| Sesame oil | 189-193 | 64°-68° | 105-109 | 95.8 | 0.35 |
| Rape-seed oil | 170-178 | 51°-60° | 95-105 | 95 | |
| Black mustard oil | 174-174.6 | 43°-44° | 96-110 | 95.05 | |
| Croton oil | 210.3-215 | 101.7-104 | 89 | 13.5 | |
| Castor oil | 178-186 | 46°-47° | 83.4-85.9 | 1.4 | |
| Apricot-kernel oil | 192.2-193.1 | 42.5°-46° | 100-107 | ||
| Almond oil | 190.5-195.4 | 51°-54° | 93-97 | 96.2 | |
| Peanut (arachis) oil | 190-197 | 45°-49° | 85-98 | 95.86 | |
| Olive oil | 191-196 | 41.5°-45.5° | 80.6-84.5 | 95.43 | 0.3 |
| Menhaden oil | 189.3-192 | 123°-128° | 140-170 | 1.2 | |
| Cod-liver oil | 182-187 | 102°-103° | 154-180 | 95.3 | |
| Seal oil | 190-196 | 92° | 127-140 | 94.2 | 0.22 |
| Whale-oil | 188-193 | 91°-92° | 110-136 | 93.5 | 2.04 |
| Dolphin {Body oil | 197.3 | 99.5 | 93.07 | 5.6 | |
| oil {Jaw oil | 200 | 32.8 | 66.28 | 65.92 | |
| Porpoise {Body oil | 216-218.8 | 50° | 119.4 | 23.45 | |
| oil {Jaw oil | 253.7 | 49.6 | 68.41 | 65.8 | |
| Neat's-foot oil | 194.3 | 47°-48.5° | 69.3-70.4 | ||
| Cotton-seed stearine. | 194.6-195.1 | 48° | 88.7-92.8 | 96.3 | |
| Palm oil | 196.3-202 | 53-57 | 95.6 | 0.5 | |
| Cacao butter | 192.2-193.5 | 32-41 | 94.59 | 1.6 | |
| Cocoa-nut oil | 250-253 | 8.5-9.3 | 88.6 | 3.7 | |
| Myrtle wax | 205.7-211.7 | 2.9 | |||
| Japan wax | 220-222.4 | 4.2-8.5 | 90.6 | ||
| Lard | 195.3-196.6 | 27°-32° | 57-70 | 96 | |
| Bone fat | 190.9 | 46.3-49.6 | |||
| Tallow | 195-198 | 36-47 | 95.6 | 0.25 | |
| Butter fat | 221.5-227 | 26-35 | 87.5 | 28.78 | |
| Oleomargarine | 194-203.7 | 55.3-60 | 95-96 | 2.6 | |
| Sperm oil | 132.5-147 | 47°-51° | 84 | 1.3 | |
| Bottle-nose oil | 126-134 | 41°-47° | 77.4-82 | 1.4 | |
| Carnauba wax | 80-84 | 13.5 | |||
| Wool-fat | 98.2-102.4 | 25-28 | |||
| Beeswax | 91-96 | 8.3-11 | |||
| Spermaceti | 128 | ||||
| Chinese wax | 63 | ||||
| Tung (Chinese wood oil) | 193 | 150-165 | |||
| Soya-bean oil | 190.6-192.9 | 59°-61° | 121.3-124 | 95.5 |