When analysing, notice carefully that:—
(1) An enlargement of a Noun may be
| (a) An adjective | TERTIAM aciem. |
| (b) A noun in apposition | Publius Crassus ADULESCENS. |
| (c) A dependent genitive | impetus GLADIORUM. |
| (d) A participle or participial phrase | nostris LABORANTIBUS. |
| (e) An adjectival clause | Publius Crassus QUI EQUITATUI PRAEERAT. |
(2) An enlargement of a Verb may be
| (a) An adverb | CELERITER exceperunt. |
| (b) A prepositional phrase | EX CONSUETUDINE SUA exceperunt. |
| (c) An ablative absolute | PHALANGE FACTA exceperunt. |
| (d) An adverbial clause | ID CUM ANIMADVERTISSET, Publius Crassus misit. |
[9.] Help through Punctuation.—Though only the full-stop was used by the ancients, the punctuation marks which are now used in all printed texts should be carefully noticed, especially in translating long and involved sentences.
Thus in Demonstrations III and IV notice how the subordinate clauses are for the most part enclosed in commas.
[10.] Help through Scansion and Metre.—A knowledge of this is indispensable in translating verse. To scan the lines will help you to determine the grammatical force of a word, and a knowledge of metre will enable you to grasp the poet’s meaning as conveyed by the position which he assigns to the various words, and the varying emphasis which results from variation of metre. For example:—
(1) A grammatical help.—You know that final -a is short in nom. and voc. sing. 1st Decl., and in neut. plural, and is long in abl. sing. 1st Decl. and 2nd Imperat. 1st Conj.
Thus in [Demonstration II] (p. 24) you can easily determine the grammatical form of finals in -a.