PERIODS OF LATIN LITERATURE.
| Period I. | The Growth of Latin Literature | 250-80 B.C. |
| Period II. | The Golden Age of Latin Literature | 80 B.C.-14 A.D. |
| Period III. | The Silver Age of Latin Literature | 14-117 A.D. |
| Period IV. | The Later Empire | from 117 A.D. |
CHRONOLOGICAL OUTLINES OF ROMAN HISTORY AND LITERATURE
| B.C. | Rome. | Other Nations. | B.C. | Literature. B.C. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part IV.—The Contest withCarthage, 264-202 B.C. | |||||
| 264-241 | First Punic War | ||||
| 263 | Hiero of Syracuse joins Rome | Hiero of Syracuse | 269-219 | ||
| 261 | Romans build a fleet | ||||
| 260 | Naval victory of Duilius near Mylae Columna Rostrata | Aratus, General of Achaean League | 245 | Callimachus fl. 260 | |
| 256 | Naval victory of Regulus at Ecnomus | ||||
| 255 | Regulus defeated by Xanthippus of Sparta | ||||
| Latin Literature. B.C. | |||||
| Prose. | Verse. | ||||
| Period I.—The Growth of LatinLiterature, 250-80 B.C. | |||||
| 250 | Roman victory at Panormus (Metellus) | ||||
| 249 | Carthaginian victory at Drepana(Claudius) | ||||
| 248-241 | Hamilcar Barca in Sicily | Ptolemy III (Euergetes) | 247-222 | ||
| 241 | Victory of Lutatius off the Aegates Insulae Peace with Carthage Sicily made a Roman Province (1) | ||||
| 241-238 | War of Carthage with her Mercenaries Corsica and Sardinia made a Roman Province (2) | Livius Andronicus (fl. 240) | |||
| 236-228 | Hamilcar in Spain. Hannibal’s oath | Naevius (fl. 235) | |||
| 230-229 | Illyrian War. (Queen Teuta) | Athens joins Achaean League | 229 | ||
| 228 | Corinth admits the Romans to the Isthmian Games Hasdrubal succeeds Hamilcar in Spain Founds New Carthage. The Iberus (Ebro) fixed asthe Carthaginian boundary | Roman Embassy to Greece | 228 | ||
| 225-223 | Gallic rising (Boii and Insubres) Great victory near Telamon | Reforms of Cleomenes at Sparta | 226-5 | ||
| 222 | Victory over the Insubres at Clastidium M. Marcellus wins the spolia opima (3) Subjugation of Gaul south of the Alps | Aratus and Antigonus take Sparta | 221 | ||
Antiochus the Great (Syria) | 224-187 | ||||
| 221 | Hannibal succeeds Hasdrubal in Spain | ||||
| 219 | Hannibal takes Saguntum (ally of Rome) | Ptolemy IV (Philopator) | 222-205 | ||
| 218-202 | Second Punic War | Philip V (Macedon) | 221-179 | Plautus(254-184) | |
| 218 | Hannibal crosses the Alps Battles of the Ticinus and Trebia | ||||
| 217 | Battle of Lake Trasimene Death of FlaminiusQ. Fabius Maximus, Dictator | ||||
| 216 | Battle of Cannae. Death of Paulus | Philip allied with Hannibal | 216 | Fabius Pictor (fl. 216) | Ennius(239-169) |
| 216-211 | Revolt of Capua | ||||
| 215 | Marcellus saves Nola | First Macedonian War | 214-205 | ||
| 214-212 | Siege and Capture of Syracuse by Marcellus | Death of Archimedes | 212 | ||
| 212 | P. & Cn. Scipio defeated by Hasdrubal Loss of Spain south of the Ebro Hannibal seizes Tarentum | ||||
| 211-206 | P. Cornelius Scipio (Africanus Maior) in Spain | Rome allied with Aetolians | 211 | ||
| 210 | Scipio surprises New Carthage | ||||
| 208 | Hasdrubal (son of Hamilcar) eludes Scipio and crosses thePyrenees to join Hannibal | Philopoemen, General of Achaean League | 208-183 | ||
| 207 | Defeat and Death of Hasdrubal at the Metaurus(Nero) | ||||
| 204 | Scipio goes to Africa: blockades Utica | Peace of Rome with Philip | 205 | ||
| 203 | Hannibal recalled: leaves Italy | ||||
| 202 | Battle of Zama. Peace made | ||||
| Part V.—Formation of Empire beyondItaly, 200-183 B.C. | |||||
| 200-196 | Second Macedonian War | ||||
| 197 | Battle of Cynoscephalae (Flaminius) | ||||
| 196 | Proclamation of the Freedom of Greece | ||||
| 195 | Hannibal takes refuge with Antiochus | Cato (234-149) | |||
| 200-191 | War with Insubrian and Boian Gauls Gallia Cisalpina a Roman Province (3) | Antiochus in Greece | 192 | ||
| 191-190 | War with Antiochus of Syria | ||||
| 191 | Battle of Thermopylae (Cato) | ||||
| 190 | Battle of Magnesia. (L. Scipio and Domitius) | Hannibal with Prusias, King of Bithynia | 190-183 | Pacuvius(220-132) | |
| 184 | Censorship of Cato | ||||
| 183 | Deaths of Hannibal, Scipio and Philopoemen | ||||
| 179 | T. Sempronius Gracchus in Spain | War of Antiochus and Egypt | 172-168 | ||
| 171-168 | Third Macedonian War (Perseus) | ||||
| 168 | Battle of Pydna (Aemilius Paulus) Egypt accepts the protectorate of Rome | Judas Maccabaeus (a treaty with Rome, 161) | 166-161 | Terence (185-159) | |
| 149-146 | Third Punic War (Scipio Africanus Minor) Destruction of Carthage[B] | ||||
| 148-146 | War with Andriscus (the pseudo-Philip) and the Achaeans.Destruction of Corinth (Mummius) | Lucilius (180-103) | |||
| 148 | Macedonia made a Roman Province (4)[B] Illyricum made a Roman Province (5) | ||||
| 149-140 | War with Viriathus, the Lusitanian Hero | Judaea free from Syrian control (SimonMaccabaeus) | 142 | ||
| 143-133 | Numantine War | ||||
| 133 | Destruction of Numantia (Scipio Africanus Minor) Roman Province in Spain (7)[B] Achaia made a Roman Province (8) | Accius (c. 170-90) | |||
| 133 | Attalus III bequeaths the Kingdom of Pergamum to Rome. Thisbecomes the Roman Province of Asia (9) | ||||
| Part VI.—Period of Civil Strife inItaly, etc. 133-44 B.C. | |||||
| 133-121 | Attempted reforms (Leges Semproniae) of theGracchi | ||||
| 133 | Agrarian Law of Tiberius Gracchus Murder of Tib. Gracchus (P. Scipio Nasica) First civil bloodshed in Rome | John Hyrcanus subdues Idumea and Samaria | 129 | ||
| 131 | Two plebeian Consuls (the first time) | ||||
| 129 | Death of Scipio Africanus Minor (Carbo suspected) | ||||
| 123-2 | Tribunate of C. Gracchus | Roman Colony sent to Carthage | 123 | ||
| 121 | Death of C. Gracchus Conquest of S. Gaul Province of Narbonensis (10) | Mithridates (Pontus) | 120-63 | Afranius (fl. 100) | |
| 118 | Death of Micipsa, King of Numidia | ||||
| 111-106 | The Jugurthine War (Metellus, Marius, Sulla) | Conquests of Mithridates on the Black Sea | 112-110 | ||
| 106 | Jugurtha betrayed to Sulla | ||||
| 105 | The Cimbrians defeat the Romans at Arausio | ||||
| 102 | Marius defeats Teutones at Aquae Sextiae | ||||
| 101 | Marius (with Catulus) defeats Cimbri at Vercellae | ||||
| 100 | Marius Consul a sixth time | Sulla on the Euphrates | 92 | ||
| 91 | Tribunate of M. Livius Drusus | ||||
| 91-81 | The Social or Marsic War | Tigranes (Armenia) | 95-60 | ||
| 90 | Lex Iulia, granting the civitas to the ItalianStates not in rebellion | ||||
| 89 | Battle of Asculum | ||||
| 88-86 | First Civil War (between Marius and Sulla) | ||||
| Period II.—The Golden Age of LatinLiterature, 80 B.C.-14 A.D. | |||||
| 88 | Sulla occupies Rome. First invasion of Rome by a Romanarmy | ||||
| 87-84 | Cinnan revolution. Marius’ reign of terror | ||||
| 88-84 | First Mithridatic War. (Sulla) | ||||
| 88 | Massacre of Romans in Asia | ||||
| 86 | Victory at Chaeronea. Sulla takes Athens Death of Marius | ||||
| 85 | Victory at Orchomenus | Tigranes at war with Rome | 86-85 | Lucretius(97-53) | |
| 84 | Peace of Dardanus with Mithridates | ||||
| 83-82 | Second Civil War (between Marius and Sulla) | ||||
| 82 | Death of the younger Marius Sulla Felix | ||||
| 83-81 | The Sullan Proscriptions Second Mithridatic War (Murena) | Pompeius in Africa: triumphs as an Eques | 81 | ||
| 81-79 | Sulla Dictator Leges Corneliae | ||||
| 80 | Cilicia made a Roman Province (11) | ||||
| 78 | Death of Sulla | ||||
| 78-72 | War with Sertorius in Spain (Pompeius) | Pharisees supreme in Judaea | 78 | Sisenna (fl. 78) | |
| 75 | Mithridates in alliance with Sertorius | ||||
| 74 | Bithynia made a Roman Province (12) | Nicomedes leaves Bithynia to Rome | 75 | Varro(116-27) | |
| 72 | Betrayal and murder of Sertorius | ||||
| 73-71 | War with Spartacus and his gladiators | ||||
| 71 | Death of Spartacus (Crassus and Pompeius) | ||||
| 74-63 | Third Mithridatic War (Lucullus, Pompeius) | ||||
| 72 | Victory of Cabira (Pontus) Lucullus reforms the province of Asia (hence unpopular withEquites) | Catullus (84-54) | |||
| 70 | First Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus Overthrow of the Sullan Constitution | ||||
| 69 | Victory at Tigranocerta (capital of Armenia) | Nepos (100-24) | |||
| 67 | Mutiny of Lucullus’ soldiers Mithridates recovers Pontus Lex Gabinia Pompeius destroys the Pirates | Rome interferes in Palestine | 65 | Sallust (86-34) | |
| 66 | Lex Manilia Lucullus superseded by Pompeius Victory of Nicopolis (Armenia) Peace with Tigranes | Cicero (106-43) | |||
| 64 | Syria made a Roman Province (13) | ||||
| 63 | Pompeius takes Jerusalem Death of Mithridates | ||||
| 63 | Cicero Consul Catiline’s conspiracy crushed Cicero saluted as Pater Patriae | ||||
| 61 | Pompeius’ great Triumph | ||||
| 60 | First Triumvirate (Pompeius, Caesar, Crassus) | ||||
| 59 | Caesar’s first Consulship. The LegesIuliae | ||||
| 58-50 | Caesar in Gaul (in Britain 55 and 54 B.C.) Gaul divided into three Provinces (14, 15, 16) | Caesar (102-44) | |||
| 58-57 | Cicero’s banishment and return | A. Hirtius (ob. 43) | |||
| 56 | Conference of the Triumvirs at Luca | ||||
| 55 | Second Consulship of Pompeius and Crassus | ||||
| 53 | Disaster at Carrhae. Death of Crassus | ||||
| 52 | Pompeius sole Consul till August 1st | ||||
| 51-50 | Cicero Governor of Cilicia | ||||
| 49-45 | Third Civil War (between Caesar and Pompeius) | ||||
| 49 | Caesar crosses the Rubicon | ||||
| 49 | Caesar’s successful campaign round Lerida (Spain) | ||||
| 49 | Massilia surrenders to Caesar | ||||
| 49 | Defeat and death of Curio in Africa | ||||
| 48 | Caesar’s unsuccessful investment of Dyrrachium | Cleopatra | 69-30 | ||
| 48 | Battle of Pharsalus. Murder of Pompeius | ||||
| 47 | Alexandrine War. Settlement of Asia | ||||
| 46 | Battle of Thapsus. Death of Cato | ||||
| 45 | Caesar sole Consul. Battle of Munda (Spain) | Pub. Syrus(fl. 45) | |||
| 44 | Murder of Caesar | ||||
| Imperial Period. | |||||
| 43 | Second Triumvirate (Lepidus, Antonius,Octavianus) | Herod the Great in Judaea | 37-4 | Pollio (fl. 40) | Vergil (70-19) |
| 42 | Battle of Philippi (Brutus and Cassius) | ||||
| 31 | Battle of Actium (Antonius and Cleopatra) | Egypt a Roman Province (17) | Horace (65-8) | ||
| 27 B.C.- 14 A.D. | Octavianus Augustus | Tibullus (54-19) | |||
| 23 | Death of Marcellus | Livy (59 B.C.-18 A.D.) | Propertius (49-15) | ||
| 20 | Parthians restore standards | Birth of Christ | B.C.4 | Ovid (43 B.C.-18 A.D. | |
A.D. 9 | Destruction of army under Varus (Arminius) | A.D. | A.D. | A.D. | |
| Period III.—The Silver Age,14-117 A.D. | |||||
| 14-37 | Tiberius | V. Paterculus(fl. 20) | Manilius(fl. 12) | ||
| 37-41 | Caligula | ||||
| 41-54 | Claudius | Pontius Pilate in Judaea | 26-36 | Val. Maximus(fl. 26) | Phaedrus(fl. 30-40) |
| 43-51 | Conquest of Britain | Crucifixion | 30 | ||
| Boadicea in Britain | 61 | Seneca(4 B.C.-65 A.D.) Petronius (ob. 66) | Persius(34-62) Lucan (39-65) | ||
| 54-68 | Nero Rome burnt 64 | ||||
| 68-69 | Galba, Otho, Vitellius | ||||
| 70-78 | Vespasian. (Colosseumbuilt) | Titus destroys Jerusalem | 70 | Pliny I.(23-79) | |
| 79-81 | Titus | ||||
| 79 | Eruption of Vesuvius (Herculaneum and Pompeii) | Quintilian(c. 35-95) Frontinus(c. 41-103) Tacitus (c. 55-120) Pliny II. (61-113) Suetonius(c. 75-160) Florus (fl. 137) Justinus (c. 150) A. Gellius (fl. 169) | Val. Flaccus(ob. 90) Statius (ob. 95) Silius (25-101) Martial (c. 40-102) Juvenal (c. 55-138) | ||
| 81-96 | Domitian | Agricola subdues Britain | 78-85 | ||
| 93 | Death of Agricola (father-in-law of Tacitus) | ||||
| 96-98 | Nerva | ||||
| 98-116 | Trajan | Greatest extent of Roman Empire | |||
| 117-138 | Hadrian | Hadrian’s wall | 121 | ||
| 138-160 | Antoninus Pius | Wall of Antonine | 140 | ||
| 161-180 | Marcus Aurelius | ||||
| Period IV.—The Later Empire, from117 A.D. | |||||
Nemesianus (fl. 284) | |||||
| 274-337 | Constantine the Great | Council of Nicaea | 325 | Ter. Maurus (c. 300) | |
| 395-1453 | Byzantine Empire | Romans leave Britain | 409-420 | Ausonius(fl. 379) | |
| 408-410 | Alaric the Goth at Rome (Stilicho) | Hengist and Horsa (Kent) | 449 | Eutropius (fl. 375) Augustine (354-430) | Claudian (fl. 400) Prudentius (fl. 404) Rutilius (fl. 416) |
| 451 | Attila the Hun defeated at Chalons | ||||
| 455 | Genseric the Vandal at Rome | ||||
| 476 | Odoacer at Rome. Western Empire ends | ||||
Constantinople taken by Turks | 1453 | ||||